Innovation and technology are increasingly at the heart of economic growth around the world and will be crucial tools for addressing emerging issues such as global urbanization and growing demand for food, energy, and water. In this report, CSIS and RTI International assess the challenges and opportunities facing developing countries as they pursue innovation and technology-driven economic growth. The report includes analysis of three different sub-topics—education and human capital development, translational research and development and commercialization, and the innovation policy environment—as well as case studies from Kenya, Malaysia, and Gujarat, India. From this research collaboration, CSIS and RTI International hope to create a platform for engaging a broad set of actors to support the creation of knowledge-based economies and innovation-led economic growth in places where we never expected to find it before.