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1:50

late at night, at night

1:53

after 10 p.m. 1780. A

1:55

A several strong Patriot is marching

1:57

in the dark. dark. Somewhere

1:59

between between Rouge Lee's intended destination

2:01

of Camden, South Carolina,

2:03

and as it does, one

2:05

it does, one unknown feels as though a

2:08

stone has dropped in his stomach.

2:10

in his That discomfort quickly moves moves

2:12

forcing the soldier to come to

2:14

a complete stop. complete stop. not, Oh, yes it

2:16

is. He breaks is, he breaks the woods with

2:18

his the woods with his musket

2:21

in one hand and unbuttoning his

2:23

breeches with the other. the He manages

2:25

to get them down just in

2:27

time in time avoid soldiering himself. himself. As

2:29

the relief sets in and his

2:31

tunnel vision fades, fades, our unnamed

2:33

soldier realizes he's not alone

2:35

in his ailment. ailment. Other soldiers

2:37

are scattered among the trees, the

2:39

clearly suffering from his same digestive

2:41

woes. woes. Okay, none of

2:43

us need a Okay, none of

2:45

us need a play -by -play on the American

2:47

troops these woods these woods deep in the State,

2:49

so we'll so we'll give them some privacy

2:52

as I get you up to speed. up to

2:54

speed. To To start, your assumption

2:56

is right. right. This army is suffering

2:58

from food poisoning. poisoning. Tonight's

3:00

dinner dinner of meat and meat and

3:02

followed by a portion of by a

3:04

portion of molasses in has left these soldiers

3:06

with a serious case of King

3:08

George's case of King to revenge.

3:10

To Seymour. Major Seymour,

3:12

this dinner purge us as if we

3:15

had taken a had taken a jolap, laxative.

3:17

For the men, men, all the ways

3:19

we went along were every moment obliged

3:21

to fall out of the ranks to

3:23

evacuate. evacuate. This is the is the condition

3:25

of the newly constituted under the

3:27

command of none other than the other

3:29

of Saratoga. Saratoga, General Horatio

3:32

Gates. Yes, newly newly constituted.

3:34

the recent the recent loss of General

3:36

Benjamin Lincoln's army of 5 ,500 men

3:38

at Charleston, told as I told you about

3:40

in the last episode, Congress has appointed

3:43

Horatio to lead the fight in the

3:45

the South, with hopes that he can do

3:47

do here what he he is credited with doing in

3:49

the in the North. But why is is

3:51

Horatio pushing his of of

3:53

hungry, suffering, sleep -deprived soldiers keep

3:55

keep marching on this hot

3:57

night toward Camden? It's because Horatio

3:59

has... As Intel, saying that the

4:01

British only have perhaps 700

4:04

men holding the town and

4:06

he wants his grand army,

4:08

as Horatio is calling this

4:10

force, which he believes to

4:12

be 7,000 strong, to catch

4:15

these redcoats unaware before their

4:17

commander, Lord Charles Cornwallis, can

4:19

bring in reinforcements. Just one

4:21

problem. His Intel is old.

4:23

Not only has Lord Cornwallis

4:26

already come to Camden with

4:28

reinforcements, he too has sent

4:30

troops troops out tonight. on

4:32

this very same road. And

4:34

with that background, let's return

4:37

to our night march. It's

4:39

a few hours later, about

4:41

2.30 a.m. Lord Cornwallis' British

4:43

cavalrymen and soldiers are heading

4:45

north. Horatio's continentals and militiamen

4:48

are heading south. Does one

4:50

side spot a lantern or

4:52

a silhouette in the moonlight?

4:54

Is it simultaneous? We can't

4:56

say, but as Colonel Arthur

4:59

Williams will later recall. This

5:01

new and unexpected scene was

5:03

occasioned by a smart, mutual

5:05

salutation of small arms between

5:07

the advanced guards. Muscat and

5:10

pistol fire send flashes of

5:12

light across the dark woods

5:14

as the opposing forces clash.

5:16

Men are wounded and taking

5:18

prisoner on both sides before

5:21

they mutually disengage and make

5:23

their respective camps. At the

5:25

American camp, a British prisoner

5:27

provides critical intel. Lord Corn

5:29

Wallace has 3,000 British regulars

5:32

regulars with him. Only five

5:34

or six hundred yards in

5:36

front. Huh. So much for

5:38

that surprise attack on a

5:40

smaller force of seven hundred.

5:43

Worse still is the incoming

5:45

official count of American troops

5:47

fit for duty. A mere

5:49

three thousand fifty two. Yeah,

5:51

less than half of what

5:54

Horatio thought. Shaken by the

5:56

news, he calls an impromptu

5:58

council of war. Uncharacteristically, the

6:00

Englishman turned continental general asks

6:02

for advice. Gentlemen. Gentlemen. What

6:05

is best to be done?

6:07

An uncertain and pregnant pop.

6:09

feels the air. Finally, Virginia's

6:11

Brigadier General, Edward Stevens, gives

6:13

a forceful answer. Gentlemen, is

6:16

it not too late now

6:18

to do anything but fight?

6:20

No one counters. Okay then,

6:22

while sporadic shots are exchanged

6:24

through the night, everyone knows

6:27

the real battle will come

6:29

at dawn. The two armies

6:31

begin taking formation across from

6:33

each other, but they aren't

6:35

500 to 600 yards distant.

6:38

It's closer to a mere

6:40

250 yards. The terrain between

6:42

them is all but completely

6:44

open, apart from the occasional

6:46

pine tree. Swamps lay on

6:49

the left and right sides

6:51

of the battlefield. The Americans

6:53

have the advantage of a

6:55

slight high ground, and their

6:57

force of 3,000 outnumbers Cornwallis'

7:00

2,200. So not as bad

7:02

as the captured British soldiers'

7:04

Intel made things sound, but

7:06

then again, Horatio has marched

7:08

his men hard for the

7:11

last two weeks. They're exhausted,

7:13

and last night's bowel emptying

7:15

dinner isn't helping their flagging

7:17

strength. Moreover, about two-thirds of

7:19

the Americans are ill-trained and

7:22

inexperienced militia, from North Carolina

7:24

and Virginia, not seasoned continentals.

7:26

And it's a recipe for

7:28

disaster. On the British right,

7:30

a calm of regulars deploys

7:33

into line formation. The synchronized

7:35

movement of these well-disciplined, red-clad

7:37

soldiers is magnificent, and terrifying

7:39

to the inexperienced Virginia militia

7:41

just across from them. The

7:44

very same Virginians who are

7:46

now ordered to advance. Fear

7:48

grips the hearts of these

7:50

old dominion men, as artillery

7:52

rings out, smoke envelopes the

7:55

field, and worst of all,

7:57

the British regulars just across

7:59

the field loudly, loudly, loudly,

8:01

loudly, huzzah-loudly-huzzah-loud-loud-hous-hous-loud-loud-hous-loud-hous-loud-loud-hous-hous-loud-loud-hoo-hoo-hoo-hoo-hoo-hoo-hoo-hoo-hoo-hoo-hoo-hoo-hoo-hoo-hoo-hoo-hoo-hoo-hoo-hoo-hoo-hoo-hoo- been charged while

8:03

firing. General Edward Stevens orders

8:06

them to fix bay nets.

8:08

But the Virginians don't. They

8:10

can't. They're lost to their

8:12

fear. Throwing aside their loaded

8:14

guns, these militia men flee

8:17

before the pursuing British. The

8:19

North Carolina militia follows suit.

8:21

Some two-thirds of Horatio's army

8:23

is running away, without having

8:25

fired a single shot. Meanwhile,

8:28

the continentals on the American

8:30

right hold. They draw inspiration

8:32

from their Bavarian-born, French Army

8:34

veteran general, bearing Johan decal.

8:36

Demand fights like a lion.

8:39

Slashed, stabbed, and cut by

8:41

bayonets and sabers amid hand-to-hand

8:43

combat. It takes eight lacerations

8:45

and three musket balls to

8:47

bring him to heel. But

8:50

finally, he collapses on the

8:52

field, soaked in his own

8:54

blood. By 12 noon, it's

8:56

over. Some 250 Americans are

8:58

dead. Another 800 are wounded

9:01

and taken prisoner. Among them

9:03

is the continental general, Beren

9:05

Decalbe. Lord Cornwallis sends his

9:07

physicians to attend to this

9:09

brave Bavarian, this leader of

9:12

men, but he's too far

9:14

gone and will die of

9:16

his wounds three days later.

9:18

Camden is a complete and

9:20

thorough British victory. And where

9:23

is our commander of the

9:25

Southern Army? Horatio Gates and

9:27

all of this? He's fleeing

9:29

the battle so hard and

9:31

fast he's making the militia

9:34

look brave. By the days

9:36

in, he's ridden 60 miles

9:38

to Charlotte, and three days

9:40

later... As Baron DeKalb draws

9:42

his final breath, Horatio's trustee,

9:45

has him 180 miles away

9:47

in Hillsborough, North Carolina. and

9:49

I'd like to tell you

9:51

a story. The

10:06

Battle of Camden leaves Continental General

10:08

Horatio Gates a laughing stock. As

10:10

the ever sarcastic and witty Alexander

10:13

Hamilton writes of Horatio, quote, 180

10:15

miles in three days and a

10:17

half. It does admirable credit to

10:19

the activity of the man at

10:21

his time of life, close quote.

10:24

Meanwhile, New York's loyalist newspaper, the

10:26

Royal Gazette, mocks Horatio with a

10:28

lampooning advertisement offering a reward for

10:30

his lost army. It reads in

10:32

part, reward, strayed, deserted, or stolen

10:35

from the subscriber near Camden, a

10:37

whole army. The subscriber has very

10:39

strong suspicions that a certain Charles

10:41

Earl Corn Wallace was principally concerned

10:43

in carrying off the said army,

10:46

any person who will give information

10:48

where the said army is, shall

10:50

be entitled to demand from the

10:52

treasurer of the United States, the

10:54

sum of three million of paper

10:57

dollars. That's funny, but the real

10:59

zinger is at the end. To

11:01

continue, no deduction will be made

11:03

from the above reward on account

11:05

of any of the militia who

11:08

composed the said army not being

11:10

found or heard of as no

11:12

dependents can be placed on their

11:14

services and nothing but the most

11:16

speedy flight can ever save their

11:19

commander. Close quote. Wow, the Royal

11:21

Gazette manages to mock the flight

11:23

of both the militia and Horatio

11:25

in a single sentence. I don't

11:27

care who you are, that's good

11:30

writing. And so, Horatio Gates, the

11:32

great hero of Saratoga, joins Thomas

11:34

Conway, and likewise English-born Charles Lee,

11:36

who warned him to, take care,

11:38

Lester Northern laurels, turn to southern

11:41

willows. As the third member of

11:43

a triumvirate of men who as

11:45

spired and failed to replace George

11:47

Washington as commander-in-chief, removed from the

11:49

army until 1782, Horatio's military career

11:52

is effectively over. But honestly, it

11:54

also feels like it's game over

11:56

for the Patriots here in the

11:58

South. I mean, between Ben Lincoln's

12:00

defeat at Charleston last May and

12:03

Horatio's far more shameful one here

12:05

at Camden, that's two American armies

12:07

lost in the South within a

12:09

mere few months. It seems the

12:11

British Southern strategy is going well.

12:14

Can anyone stop Lord Corn Wallace?

12:16

Well, we'll get to that. But

12:18

first, we need to head north

12:20

to New York. Benedict Arnold's about

12:22

to break George Washington's heart. Yes,

12:25

it's time for America's most notorious

12:27

act of treason. And to do

12:29

that tale justice, we'll head back

12:31

to 1775 to re-acquain ourselves with

12:33

Benedict and follow the events that

12:36

turn his patriot heart back to

12:38

King George III. After that, we'll

12:40

return to the South, where Lord

12:42

Cornwallis is meeting two new challenges.

12:44

One, independent-minded Southerners with a knack

12:47

for guerrilla warfare. And two. A

12:49

continental general who can give his

12:51

lordship a run for his money.

12:53

Nathaniel, the fight in Quaker Green.

12:55

The fighting will be fierce indeed

12:58

and all over the map as

13:00

it lays the path for the

13:02

revolution's decisive battle at Yorktown. Now

13:04

that we know our path, let's

13:06

head to New York and catch

13:09

up with the soon to fall

13:11

from grace, Benedict Arnold. Rewind. I

13:13

trust you remember this short, husky,

13:15

handsome kinetic cutter with dark features

13:17

and an aquiline nose from past

13:20

episodes, but if not, here's a

13:22

quick recap of his revolutionary resume.

13:24

In 1775, Benedict Arnold and Ethan

13:26

Allen's Green Mountain Boys capture upstate

13:28

New York's Fort Ticonderoga. It's a

13:31

simple, yet significant victory. It also

13:33

leaves Ethan and Benedict bickering over

13:35

which of them deserves the credit.

13:37

That winter, Benedict, at the rank

13:39

of Colonel, joins General Richard Montgomery

13:42

in an attempt to take Quebec.

13:44

Yes, we heard about the snow-covered

13:46

failure in the musket ball that

13:48

rips into the brave colonel's left

13:50

leg in episode 7. Soon recovered

13:53

and promoted to Brigadier General, Benedict

13:55

oversees the construction of a fleet

13:57

on Lake Champlain. In 1777, he

13:59

then fights with great flare during

14:01

the Saratoga campaign. Ah, that was

14:04

episode 9's tale. As you might

14:06

recall, and here, Benedict's left leg

14:08

is again struck by a musket

14:10

ball and crushed by his collapsed

14:12

horse. The result is an enormously

14:15

important American victory over British General

14:17

General Johnny Burgoyne. But does General

14:19

Horatio Gates steal Benedict's rightful glory?

14:21

That's how Colonel Richard Vark sees

14:23

it. To quote him, this I

14:26

am certain of that Arnold has

14:28

all the credit of the action

14:30

on the 19th, for he was

14:32

ordering out troops to it while

14:34

the other Gates was in Dr.

14:37

Potts' tent backbiding his neighbors. Whether

14:39

the colonel is right or wrong,

14:41

Benedict certainly agrees. Particularly as Congress

14:43

passes over him to promote others

14:45

more junior to him to the

14:48

rank of Major General. This leaves

14:50

Benedict with a chip on his

14:52

shoulder about as big as the

14:54

splint holding his shattered leg together.

14:56

But General George Washington appreciates and

14:59

feels for Benedict. As the British

15:01

occupation of Philadelphia ends in the

15:03

summer of 1778, the Commander-in-Chief names

15:05

the still recovering Brigadier General as

15:07

the city's military commandant. Ah, but

15:10

tension remains. Benedict is holding a

15:12

garage against Congress. He also starts

15:14

dating the brilliant and gorgeous Margaret

15:16

Peggy Shipman. There are romance, bothers

15:18

some patriots. Not because 18-year-old Peggy

15:21

is half his age, though there

15:23

is that, but because her wealthy

15:25

family has stayed neutral at best

15:27

through the war. Some see her

15:29

as a loyalist. Further, Benedict's living

15:32

well, maybe a little too well,

15:34

might he be abusing his powers

15:36

for personal enrichment. Come early 1779,

15:38

former George Washington aid turned critic

15:40

and Pennsylvania's current president of the

15:43

Supreme Executive Council. Joseph Reed leads

15:45

the attack on Benedict Arnold by

15:47

bringing eight corruption charges against him.

15:49

An action that undoubtedly sowers his

15:51

and Peggy's wedding on April 8th.

15:54

Benedict asks for a court martial

15:56

to clear his name, but Joseph

15:58

and his cronies delay as they

16:00

look for more evidence to support

16:02

their accusations. As the weeks of

16:05

English turned to months, Benedict snaps.

16:07

In May, he writes to his

16:09

new wife's friend, British Major John

16:11

Andre, to broach the idea of

16:14

betraying America. Benedict finally gets his

16:16

court martial months later, between December

16:18

23rd and January 26th, 1780. The

16:20

fierce general is acquitted on all

16:22

safe two rather trivial charges related

16:25

to a private vessel permitted in

16:27

Philadelphia's port and military wagons moving

16:29

private property. The sentence is a

16:31

formal censure from George Washington. George

16:33

disagrees with the outcome, but calls

16:36

it a win. This is a

16:38

light sentence. It has zero lasting

16:40

consequences. The Virginian issues the lightest

16:42

of censures, pleased with knowing that

16:44

Benedict can still serve in the

16:47

continental army. Yeah, that's not how

16:49

Benedict sees it. That any aspect

16:51

of these charges stood at all

16:53

is a deep wound to this

16:55

incredible but highly sensitive general. Rather

16:58

than appreciating that George was rooting

17:00

for him, he thinks the continental

17:02

commander failed him by not going

17:04

to bat on his behalf. Instead

17:06

of appearing pleased with the outcome,

17:09

Benedict merely requests command of West

17:11

Point. What? Why? Well, far from

17:13

being the elite military academy it

17:15

will later become, West Point is

17:17

just a fort in 1780. But

17:20

it's an important one. West Point

17:22

sits on elevated ground at the

17:24

edge of the Hudson River. about

17:26

50 miles north of New York

17:28

City. And I'll remind you that,

17:31

currently, the Big Apple is occupied

17:33

by the British. In fact, New

17:35

York City is where the Commander-in-Chief

17:37

of... British in North

17:39

America, Sir Henry

17:42

Clinton, has his

17:44

headquarters has his would

17:46

love to send

17:48

his navy up

17:50

the wide Hudson

17:53

up the wide thereby

17:55

cutting New England

17:57

off from the

17:59

rest of the off

18:01

from the rest of That

18:04

would be a

18:06

real game That would

18:08

be a but he

18:10

can't because West

18:12

Point keeps him

18:15

in check. Point keeps

18:17

him in check. Ah, and that's why, in

18:19

their exchange of letters, British

18:21

John Andre has informed our angry and

18:23

disillusioned Benedict that, that if if he

18:25

can hand over West Point, Point. he

18:28

he will be welcomed with open

18:30

arms into the British British well

18:32

well compensated. That is the the

18:34

reason for Benedict's request. He

18:37

He plans to deliver West Point to the

18:39

the British in exchange for a a

18:41

commission and the cold hard cash he

18:43

needs to keep up with his

18:45

wealthy his expectations. George

18:47

Washington still feels for Benedict,

18:50

assuming that the man is still

18:52

processing his grief over the the process

18:54

and adjusting to life with a

18:56

lame leg, leg, but nonetheless on

18:58

the road to recovery, road to grants

19:00

this wounded warrior's request. this

19:02

wounded of West Point on

19:04

August 3rd, 1780 command

19:07

to continue working with John 3rd, make a

19:09

gift of it to the British. But

19:12

those well working plans start

19:14

to unravel to make a weeks later.

19:17

to the British. But those

19:19

well-laid trader's plan It's

19:21

about 10 in the morning,

19:23

September only seven weeks later. Two aides from

19:25

General entourage. entourage,

19:27

John McHenry Samuel Shaw Shaw, are just

19:29

arriving at General Benedict Arnold's impressive

19:32

home home just two miles below West

19:34

Point on the east bank of

19:36

the Hudson River. of the Hudson

19:38

that They George Washington is a little

19:40

behind them. is a little behind them.

19:42

Benedict and the Aides sit

19:45

down for some breakfast. for some

19:47

But as the meal begins, meal

19:49

another officer arrives. arrives. It's Lieutenant Solomon

19:51

Allen with for Benedict. The

19:53

The Gray and West Point Commander invites

19:55

the Lieutenant to eat eat and

19:57

starts reading a note from

19:59

Lieutenant Kern. John Jameson and Benedict can

20:01

hardly believe his eyes. The officer

20:04

reports that they have captured, well,

20:06

a man calling himself John Anderson,

20:08

carrying war council minutes, a layout

20:11

of West Point's defenses, and a

20:13

letter of safe passage signed by

20:15

Benedict himself. Un sure of what

20:18

to do, the Lieutenant Colonel is

20:20

covering his basis by reporting this

20:22

to Benedict, while, as mentioned in

20:25

the letter, sending all the recovered

20:27

damning documents to George Washington. And

20:30

I think George is due to

20:32

a right here at any minute.

20:34

Benedict's stomach turns as he realizes

20:37

his scheme is foiled. But he

20:39

can still save his own skin.

20:41

He just has to get out

20:44

of here. Fast! Excusing himself from

20:46

the table, Benedict heads upstairs to

20:48

talk to his wife, Peggy. What's

20:51

said? We don't know. But the

20:53

West Point Commander, who's injured left

20:55

leg, is now two inches shorter

20:58

than the right, keeps a calm

21:00

appearance as he limps back down

21:02

the stairs to announce that something

21:05

pressing has come up at West

21:07

Point. But he'll be back soon.

21:09

Benedict slips out of the house

21:12

and mounts his horse just as

21:14

more of George's entourage arrives. That

21:16

means the continental commander-in-chief is just

21:19

down the road. Benedict rides hard.

21:21

His scene makes it to Robinson's

21:23

landing, for a barge and rowing

21:26

team are on hand. Benedict grabs

21:28

his saddle and pistols and throws

21:30

them into the boat and tells

21:33

his crew to row hard because

21:35

he needs to get to Stoney

21:37

Point fast. He'll give them two

21:40

gallons of rum if they really

21:42

book it. Ah. Well, like any

21:44

true colonial Americans, they do like

21:47

their wrong. These patriots row hard,

21:49

carrying the general down to Hudson,

21:52

utterly unaware that, with every stroke,

21:54

they bring greater relief to a

21:56

traitor who will soon have refuge

21:59

aboard the HMS vulture. George Washington

22:01

arrives at Arnold's residence at about

22:03

1030. He needs this visit. between

22:06

this last year's mutiny and desertion

22:08

during winter's camp at Morristown, the

22:10

tank's continental dollar, Ben Lincoln's loss

22:13

at Charleston, Horatio Gates' more recent

22:15

loss at Camden, and, as of

22:17

a couple of days ago, a

22:20

rough meeting with the new French

22:22

commander, Count Rochimbo, whose fleet just

22:24

arrived this summer with an army

22:27

of 5,500 men, George could really

22:29

use a relaxing moment with an

22:31

old dear and trusted friend, like

22:34

Benedict Arnold. Entering the house, George

22:36

is let down to hear that

22:38

Benedict's at West Point. What about

22:41

Peggy, though? George has known her

22:43

for years and is looking forward

22:45

to catching up with her, too.

22:48

Still in her room? Huh. Okay.

22:50

Disappointed, but still suspecting nothing. George

22:52

sits down to a lonely, late

22:55

breakfast. Finished eating and still absent

22:57

the company of Benedict or Peggy.

22:59

George heads to nearby West Point.

23:02

Curiously, there's no sign of Benedict.

23:04

Although George does notice that the

23:06

defenses are quite lacklustre. Weird, but

23:09

seriously, where is his dear friend

23:11

and protege Benedict? Why is he

23:14

absent? George will later write of

23:16

this moment that I had not

23:18

the least idea of the real

23:21

cause. That afternoon, George crosses the

23:23

Hudson again, returning to Benedict's place.

23:25

At this point, Alexander Hamilton. who

23:28

stayed back at the Arnold residence

23:30

today, hands the general a thick

23:32

packet that came during his absence.

23:35

Yeah, its Lieutenant Colonel John Jameson's

23:37

report on their captured man, John

23:39

Anderson, as well as the papers

23:42

they found on him exposing Benedict's

23:44

readiness to hand over West Point

23:46

and the lies of its 3,000

23:49

defenders to the British. As George

23:51

reads, the shock is evident on

23:53

his face. Alex runs down the

23:56

hall to get the Marquis de

23:58

Lafayette. They entered the room to

24:00

find tears streaming from their beloved

24:03

48-year-old commander's gray blue eyes. Having

24:05

read the damning evidence of Benedict's

24:07

treasonous actions with John Andre, George

24:10

cries out with great emotion. Arnold

24:12

has betrayed us! Whom can we

24:14

trust now? Good God! So much

24:17

for a day of reprieve. Pressing

24:19

through his grief, George sends Alexander

24:21

Hamilton and John McHenry to ride

24:24

along the banks of the Hudson

24:26

looking for Benedict. Meanwhile, Benedict's aid...

24:28

Lieutenant Colonel Richard Varek reports to

24:31

George that Benedict's wife Peggy has

24:33

gone insane. Young and beautiful Peggy

24:36

hasn't emerged since chatting with Benedict

24:38

this morning. She hasn't put on

24:40

anything more than a morning gown

24:43

and has been screaming throughout the

24:45

day. She's also been asking Colonel

24:47

Varek, have you ordered my child

24:50

to be killed? This would be

24:52

her and Benedict's six-month-old son. In

24:54

fact, as Alexander can attest, she's

24:57

been accusing any officer who comes

24:59

near her of wanting to kill

25:01

the baby all afternoon. At other

25:04

times, she's run around screaming that,

25:06

there's a hot iron on my

25:08

head. No one but George Washington

25:11

can take it off. You heard

25:13

that right. A hot iron on

25:15

her head. Given that only George

25:18

can remove this invisible hot iron,

25:20

he and his aides go up

25:22

to see Peggy in her room.

25:25

She's on her bed with the

25:27

baby still raving about the hot

25:29

iron unconcern that she's a bit

25:32

Exposed Colonel Varek is here and

25:34

tries to reassure Peggy there is

25:36

George Washington Peggy screams in reply.

25:39

No, no that is not George

25:41

Washington That is the man who

25:43

was a going to assist Colonel

25:46

Varek and killing my child Peggy

25:48

goes on screaming wildly After a

25:50

while, she appears to believe this

25:53

is in fact George Washington, but

25:55

then claims that he too is

25:58

in on the plot to kill

26:00

her baby boy. And as for

26:02

her husband, she proclaims, General Arnold

26:05

will never return. He is gone.

26:07

He is gone forever. There. There.

26:09

There. She shrieks while pointing to

26:12

the ceiling. She continues. The spirits

26:14

have carried him up there. They

26:16

have put hot irons on his

26:19

head. George walks out of the

26:21

room filled with rage toward Benedict.

26:23

He's betrayed his country. and caused

26:26

his wife to go insane. Benedict

26:28

did not, in fact, give no

26:30

thought to his wife. Once safe

26:33

on the HMS vulture, he writes

26:35

a letter to George Washington. In

26:37

it he pleads to his betrayed

26:40

commander, I am induced to ask

26:42

your protection for Mrs. Arnold, from

26:44

every insult and injury, that the

26:47

mistaken vengeance of my country may

26:49

expose her to. It ought to

26:51

fall only on me. She is

26:54

as good and innocent as an

26:56

angel and incapable of doing wrong.

26:58

It's an unnecessary plea. Chivalrous George

27:01

already believes women are not fair

27:03

game in war. When she claims

27:05

no memory of her crazy the

27:08

next day, George takes Peggy's word

27:10

for it and lets her head

27:12

to Philadelphia to rejoin her family.

27:15

On route, though, she stops by

27:17

the home of Theodosia Prevost and

27:20

brags of how she faked insanity

27:22

and fooled insanity and fooled everyone.

27:24

George Lafayette, Alexander, the whole lot.

27:27

Yep, the hot iron, spirits, claims

27:29

that everyone wants to kill her

27:31

baby, it was all an Academy

27:34

Award winning act. So much for

27:36

the whole innocent as an angel

27:38

description. Peggy was in on the

27:41

traitorous plot the whole time. West

27:43

Point is secured and disaster averted,

27:45

but the hearts of patriots everywhere

27:48

are both broken and filled with

27:50

rage. Nathaniel Green writes... treason of

27:52

the blackest die was yesterday discovered.

27:55

In a long conflicted letter, Lafayette's

27:57

says that, it still pains me

27:59

to call him a scoundrel. Clearly,

28:02

the Frenchman is still processing the

28:04

shock. Benedict has just ensured his

28:06

name. To borrow a later phrase

28:09

from FDR, we'll live forever in

28:11

infamy. There are a few reasons

28:13

for that. One is the rarity

28:16

of such treason. See, Benedict isn't

28:18

only America's first significant trader, but

28:20

fortunately, relatively few Americans will follow

28:23

his path. Another reason is how

28:25

high the stakes are. Had he

28:27

succeeded in turning over West Point,

28:30

the revolution might have ended then

28:32

and there. I can't think of

28:34

another trader whose actions literally endangered

28:37

the existence of America like Benedict's.

28:39

Finally, the lack of cosmic justice

28:42

is somewhat infuriating. Commissioned as a

28:44

British Brigadier General, Benedict will soon

28:46

fight ferociously in Virginia and Connecticut.

28:49

He also enjoys a 6,000 pound

28:51

payment up front and could look

28:53

forward to a 350-pound annual pension.

28:56

His very own equivalent to 30

28:58

pieces of silver. But if I'm

29:00

going to make biblical illusions, perhaps

29:03

Isaiah 1412 is better. How art

29:05

thou falling from heaven? O Lucifer,

29:07

son of the morning. After all,

29:10

Benedict was indeed a son of

29:12

the morning in America. He was

29:14

radiant, brave, loved by his men.

29:17

But no number of good deeds

29:19

earlier in life can expunge the

29:21

taint of treason. Long after his

29:24

death in 1801. Benedict's legacy will

29:26

remain tarnished and irredeemable on both

29:28

sides of the Atlantic. Conversely, Benedict's

29:31

apparent avoidance of justice and tainted

29:33

memory is the exact opposite of

29:35

the fate that befalls his captured

29:38

British contact, Major John Andrei. Sir

29:40

Henry Clinton writes to George Washington

29:42

to assert that the Major was

29:45

not engaged in espionage, but an

29:47

officer traveling with a pass under

29:49

the flag of truce and therefore

29:52

ought to be returned immediately. Yeah,

29:54

no one's buying that. Yet the

29:56

major, who's a handsome, articulate... loyal

29:59

and true gentleman, quickly wins over

30:01

just about every patriot leader. They

30:04

don't want to kill him. Perhaps

30:06

they can trade Major Andre before

30:08

traitorous Benedict. No, Sir Henry can't.

30:11

That would kill his efforts to

30:13

convince other American officers to defect.

30:15

Developing a full-on man crush on

30:18

the British officer, Alexander Hamilton is

30:20

devastated at the board of officers

30:22

finding that Major Andre must indeed

30:25

be executed. And that, as he

30:27

was apprehended in an act of

30:29

espionage, the Brit will not face

30:32

a firing squad as a gentleman

30:34

but hang as a spy. George

30:36

Washington isn't pleased either. Historians disagree

30:39

on how deeply he dislikes this

30:41

outcome, but one of his greatest

30:43

biographers, Thomas Flexner, actually suggests that

30:46

George is so distraught that he

30:48

even dreams up a scheme for

30:50

the major to escape. But it

30:53

doesn't happen. Major Andre must face

30:55

the gallows. It's

30:59

about five in the afternoon,

31:01

October 2nd, 1780. Escorted by

31:03

two guards and dressed magnificently

31:05

in his red officer's uniform,

31:07

Major John Andre walks along

31:09

a path in Tappin, New

31:11

York. He gives knowing nods

31:13

to the many familiar faces

31:15

he recognizes in the immense

31:18

crowd of American patriots, all

31:20

of whom he's come to

31:22

know in his captivity. They

31:24

soon arrive at the hill

31:26

where the deed is to

31:28

be done. Involuntarily. Major Andre,

31:30

who's shown nothing but bravery

31:32

to this point, steps back.

31:34

An officer asks if he's

31:36

all right. The English major

31:38

response. I am reconciled to

31:40

my death, but I detest

31:42

the mode. And his recoiling

31:44

was, indeed, but a fleeting

31:46

human moment. Once all is

31:48

prepared, he steps on the

31:50

wagon under the gallows and

31:52

reassures the distraught and conflicted

31:54

Patriot crowd. It will be

31:56

but a momentary pang. in

31:58

a true show. of bravery,

32:00

Major Andre then ties his

32:02

own blindfold and puts on,

32:04

adjusts, and tightens his own

32:07

news. All presence are moved

32:09

to tears. Asked if he

32:11

has any last words, John

32:13

only says, I pray you

32:15

to bad me witness that

32:17

I meet my fate like

32:19

a brave man. With that,

32:21

the wagon on which John

32:23

stands pulls away, the Major

32:25

drops, and instantly expired. As

32:27

Dr. James Thatcher will mournfully

32:29

describe it. Though foes to

32:31

the end, the Americans never

32:33

forget Major Andre's loyalty to

32:35

his king and bravery. Even

32:37

in our 21st century, his

32:39

execution site remains sacred ground.

32:41

It's now a residential street

32:43

named after him, and at

32:45

the precise site of his

32:47

death is a small roundabout

32:49

with an iron rod fence

32:51

encircling its perimeter. In the

32:53

middle of it is a

32:55

cube-shaped stone. It's covered with

32:58

inscriptions about the Major. These

33:00

include this quote by George

33:02

Washington. He was more unfortunate

33:04

than criminal. An accomplished man

33:06

and a gallant officer. It

33:08

feels like a grave and

33:10

indeed it is his grave

33:12

during the revolution. But British

33:14

officials will later repatriate and

33:16

in terror Major Andre's remains

33:18

at Westminster Abbey in 1821,

33:20

allowing him to rest in

33:22

peace as a hero to

33:24

his nation. with an epitaph

33:26

that reads, quote, universally beloved

33:28

and esteemed by the army

33:30

in which he served and

33:32

lamented even by his foes,

33:34

close quote. How very true.

33:36

John Andre may have communicated

33:38

with Benedict Arnold, but the

33:40

patriots saw in their foe

33:42

a likeness in his willingness

33:44

to die for his country.

33:47

From that perspective, they viewed

33:49

him as the very antithesis

33:51

of their once hero turned

33:53

traitor and villain. Indeed, the

33:55

Major will be remembered more

33:57

along the lines of the

33:59

Patriot's own famously courageous spy,

34:01

executed back in 1776. Nathan

34:03

Hale. God rest your soul,

34:05

Major John Andre. But alas,

34:07

we cannot tear you on

34:09

the sad chapter of treason

34:11

and misfortune. The war is

34:13

still raging, particularly in the

34:15

South. When Johann Rawl received

34:17

the letter on Christmas Day

34:19

1776, he put it away

34:21

to read later. Maybe he

34:23

thought it was a season's

34:25

greeting and wanted to save

34:27

it for the fireside. But

34:29

what it actually was, was

34:31

a warning, delivered to the

34:33

Hessian colonel, letting him know

34:35

that General George Washington was

34:38

crossing the Delaware and would

34:40

soon attack his forces. The

34:42

next day, when Raw lost

34:44

the Battle of Trenton and

34:46

died from two colonial Boxing

34:48

Day musket balls, the letter

34:50

was found, unopened in his

34:52

vest pockets. As someone with

34:54

15,000 unread emails in his

34:56

inbox, I feel like there's

34:58

a lesson there. Oh well,

35:00

this is the constant, a

35:02

history of getting things wrong.

35:04

I'm Mark Chrysler. Every episode

35:06

we look at the bad

35:08

ideas, mistakes, and accidents that

35:10

misshaped our world. Find us

35:12

at constant podcast.com or wherever

35:14

you get your podcasts. from

35:16

the 13th, 14th, and 15th

35:18

Amendments to the Compromise of

35:20

1877. From Abraham Lincoln and

35:22

Ulysses S. Grant and William

35:24

T. Kumpsa Sherman. To Jefferson

35:27

Davis and Robert E. Lee

35:29

and Stonewall Jackson. The Civil

35:31

War and Reconstruction was a

35:33

pivotal era in American history.

35:35

I'm Rich. And I'm Tracy.

35:37

And we're the hosts of

35:39

a podcast that takes a

35:41

deep dive into that era.

35:43

when a war was fought

35:45

to save the Union and

35:47

to free the slaves. And

35:49

when the work to... rebuild

35:51

the nation after that war

35:53

was over turned into a

35:55

struggle to guarantee liberty and

35:57

justice for all Americans. Look

35:59

for the Civil War and

36:01

Reconstruction wherever you find your

36:03

podcasts. I'm of course referring

36:05

to their southern strategy, which

36:07

I trust you recall from

36:09

the last episode. If not,

36:11

I'll remind you briefly that

36:13

this British pivot began in

36:15

earnest with the fall of

36:18

Savannah, Georgia, in December 1778.

36:20

Since then, the Brits have

36:22

conquered the peach state so

36:24

completely that it's basically returned

36:26

to colonial status. Royal Governor

36:28

James Wright is back at

36:30

the helm and has even

36:32

seen to the election of

36:34

a royal King George the

36:36

third sanctioned colonial assembly. The

36:38

British are making progress in

36:40

South Carolina too. Earlier this

36:42

year, 1780, Sir Henry Clinton

36:44

took its capital of Charleston.

36:46

He then went back to

36:48

New York and left Lord

36:50

Cornwallis in charge of the

36:52

South, and as we know

36:54

from the start of this

36:56

episode, Lord Cornwallis has since

36:58

crushed Continental General Horatio Gates

37:00

just outside of Camden, South

37:02

Carolina, and scattered the defeated

37:04

commanders, mostly militia-based American army.

37:07

Yet, there are a few

37:09

southern patriots who are making

37:11

life difficult for Lord Cornell

37:13

Wallace. One is Francis, the

37:15

Swamp Fox Marian. The Swamp

37:17

Fox nickname speaks to his

37:19

pension for tormenting the British

37:21

in nearby swamps and along

37:23

the Santee and Petey rivers.

37:25

Then there's Thomas the Gamecock

37:27

Sumter. After serving early in

37:29

the revolution, he resigned, content

37:31

to sit things out. Until

37:33

Bannister Tarleton and his raiders

37:35

burned the Southerner's plantation home

37:37

to Ash, that is. Now,

37:39

the Gamecock leads a band

37:41

of Patriot Rebels with a

37:43

love for guerrilla-style tactics operating

37:45

in the western and northern

37:47

parts of South Carolina. Then

37:49

we have Andrew Pickens. lacking

37:51

a sweet nickname,

37:53

he he too

37:55

is inspired

37:58

to fight a

38:00

a British or

38:02

rather attack attack

38:04

destroys his

38:06

home. leads this That's what leads

38:08

this Presbyterian elder to put down his pick up pick

38:10

up a gun. gents are If

38:12

these gents are reminding you of The

38:14

Patriot, Patriot, because that's because they're the

38:16

inspiration for Mel's composite and fictional

38:18

character. character. None of of them are

38:21

attached to the the continental each leads

38:23

leads and fights in his way. way,

38:25

is just how how these like it. like it.

38:27

By the By the way, if you're noticing

38:29

a pattern here, loyalist troops burn

38:31

people's homes. Those people then fight

38:33

back. you're You're right. part of the

38:35

major part of the British Southern

38:37

is reliance reliance on loyalist units. Not

38:39

only do Not only do British

38:41

leaders think the South genuinely has

38:44

significantly more loyalists who will

38:46

feed, feed, house, and otherwise

38:48

support troops. troops. They They also have

38:50

heavily recruited loyalists as soldiers in hopes of

38:52

reducing the the of of war that

38:54

is increasingly unpopular with the

38:56

people of Britain. people of but

38:58

as the British resort to overly

39:01

harsh tactics tactics to keep vengeful

39:03

loyalists in check, in more moderate

39:05

Southerners are turning are turning patriot. So

39:07

ironically, loyalists are likely hurting hold in the

39:09

South as much as they are helping

39:11

it. as they are though it. be clear.

39:13

clear... The The Patriots are not innocent victims. In

39:16

these In War War style, neighbor -neighbor

39:18

battles, both sides show their

39:20

great capacity for cruelty. for cruelty.

39:22

In fact, it's fair to speculate

39:24

that between 1780 and 1781,

39:26

an untold number of small,

39:29

never -recorded battles are fought

39:31

between loyalists and independent guerrilla guerrilla

39:33

patriots. Now that you know some of

39:35

the local Now that you know some of the local

39:37

legends and the nature of the fighting here, let's

39:40

bring southern southern commander, Lord Cornwallis,

39:42

back into the picture. picture. Despite

39:44

the disruptions of the Swamp Fox Marian, the

39:46

Gamecock Sumter, and others, and others, is lordship

39:48

is determined to push into

39:50

North Carolina. Already Already controlling Georgia of

39:52

most of South Carolina, he

39:54

intends to soon live up to

39:56

Mary Aberdough's hope, expressed in a recent

39:59

letter to Lord George germane. That

40:01

Georgia and the two Carolinas will

40:03

be restored to allegiance and three

40:05

stripes lost from the detestable 13.

40:08

His drive to take North Carolina

40:10

comes from a belief that its

40:12

loss will cut off support for

40:14

guerrilla fighting patriots in South Carolina,

40:17

but it's also because Lord Cornwalls

40:19

is simply aggressive, certainly more so

40:21

than his superior up in New

40:24

York, Sir Henry Clinton. His lordship

40:26

moves against the Tarhill State with

40:28

his forces in three divisions in

40:31

three divisions. First, the main body

40:33

of the army, which he leads.

40:35

Second is Bannister Tarleton with his

40:37

elite loyalist force known as the

40:40

British Legion. Third is Major Patrick

40:42

Ferguson, who commands a crew of

40:44

loyalists as well. But things get

40:47

off to a rocky start. Lord

40:49

Cornwall's first heads for the small

40:51

town of Charlotte in the South

40:54

Central part of North Carolina. He

40:56

gets there in late September, but

40:58

not without learning the hard way

41:01

that he's in Patriot country. Locals

41:03

refused to help his right coats

41:05

while another guerrilla patriot, William Davy,

41:07

causes Lord Cornwall's casualties. His lordship

41:10

takes Charlotte, but it isn't worth

41:12

the cost. Meanwhile, the Scotsman and

41:14

British major, Patrick Ferguson, and his

41:17

loyalists, are farther west, traveling through

41:19

the foothills along the border between

41:21

the two Carolinas. The major captures

41:24

a rebel and sends him back

41:26

to a guerrilla fighting patriot leader,

41:28

Colonel Isaac Shelby, with the following

41:30

message. If Shelby did not surrender,

41:33

he, Ferguson, would come over the

41:35

mountains and put him to death

41:37

and burn his whole country." Close

41:40

quote. Now, Patrick Ferguson already has

41:42

a bad rep with the patriots

41:44

so this taunt doesn't intimidate the

41:47

guerrillas or over-mountain men as they

41:49

are called out here. It enrages

41:51

them. So much so that they

41:54

set aside their independent ways to

41:56

team up and go after the

41:58

British major. Terrified by this, Ferguson

42:00

starts to book it back to

42:03

Charlotte and the safety of Lord

42:05

Cornwallis' army. The chase lasts for

42:07

days through mountainous terrain and rainfall.

42:10

But Colonel... Shelby doesn't let up.

42:12

I will not stop till night

42:14

if I follow Ferguson into Cornwall's

42:17

lines. He exclaims on October 6th,

42:19

his concerted effort pays off. The

42:21

guerrillas catch the Major and his

42:23

loyalist force the next day on

42:26

King's Mountain. It's about three in

42:28

the afternoon, October 7th, 1780. Major

42:30

Patrick Ferguson and his loyalists are

42:33

now on a flat and open

42:35

mountain summit. just south of the

42:37

border between the two Carolinas. The

42:40

Scot is confident and ready to

42:42

engage the pursuing over-mountain men. He

42:44

has his loyalist force, form ranks.

42:47

But at the same time, Isaac

42:49

Shelby and his rifle-bearing patriots are

42:51

moving amid the pines. Without coming

42:53

into the open, they take aim

42:56

at the loyalists, where they're far

42:58

more accurate than a musket armaments

43:00

and begin fire. Major Ferguson's men

43:03

charge out. But the patriots simply

43:05

disappear deeper into the trees. This

43:07

repeats two a few times. Finally,

43:10

the Scottish Major, who's sworn that

43:12

he would never yield to such

43:14

a damned Bandidi, exposed himself too

43:16

much as he leads the charge.

43:19

Several patriots take aim with their

43:21

highly accurate rifles, and shoot him

43:23

right off his horse. This battle

43:26

is a slaughter, a resounding patriot

43:28

victory. In the aftermath, one over-mountain

43:30

man. James P. Collins approaches the

43:33

fallen British Major's remains. He describes

43:35

the body. Quote, it appeared that

43:37

almost 50 rifles must have been

43:40

leveled at him at the same

43:42

time. Seven rifle balls had passed

43:44

through his body. Both of his

43:46

arms were broken, and his hat

43:49

and clothes were literally shot to

43:51

pieces. Close quote. Worse yet is

43:53

James's memory of the loyalists. To

43:56

quote. The situation of the poor

43:58

Tories, loyalists, appear to be really

44:00

pitiable. The dead lay in heaps

44:03

on all sides, while groans of

44:05

the wounded were heard in every

44:07

direction. I could not help turning

44:09

away from the scene before me

44:12

with horror, and, though exulting in

44:14

victory, could not refrain from shedding

44:16

tears. The next morning, which was

44:19

Sunday, the scene became really distressing.

44:21

The wives and children of the

44:23

poor Tories came in, in great

44:26

numbers. Their husbands, fathers, and brothers

44:28

laid dead in heaps. while others

44:30

lay wounded or dying. A melancholy

44:33

sight indeed. This resounding patriot victory

44:35

at the Battle of King's Mountain

44:37

truly brings home the civil war

44:39

aspect of the revolution, which is

44:42

particularly the case here in the

44:44

South. Remember, these Tories, or loyalists,

44:46

as I've usually called them, are

44:49

locals. That means neighbors and family

44:51

are fighting one another in battle.

44:53

So things get personal. In fact,

44:56

at one point during this battle,

44:58

a severely wounded loyalist named Branson

45:00

sees his Patriot brother-in-law, Captain James

45:02

Withrow, and calls to him for

45:05

assistance. James answers by calling back,

45:07

Look to your friends for help.

45:09

Yeah, that's how it is. Blood

45:12

might be thicker than water, but

45:14

I guess it's thinner than patriotism.

45:16

And in this instance, familiarity not

45:18

only breeds contempt, but a complete

45:21

lack of mercy. Toward the battle's

45:23

close, some loyalists tried to surrender,

45:25

only to be greeted with cries

45:28

of, Tarleton's quarter! Rifle fire and

45:30

bayonets followed. Yeah, you're recalling correctly.

45:32

That cry was a reference to

45:34

the loyalists who massacred patriots at

45:37

the Waxhaws in the last episode.

45:39

One massacre answered with another. And

45:41

as I said earlier, this likely

45:44

happened on both sides in unrecorded

45:46

southern skirmishes more times than we'll

45:48

ever know. Or maybe even want

45:50

to know. Of Major Ferguson's approximately

45:53

1,100 loyalists, some 200 are dead,

45:55

another 100 are wounded. and almost

45:57

all the rest are taken captive.

46:00

Conversely, Patriot casualties stay under 100.

46:02

Although many of these captured loyalists

46:04

will escape in the days to

46:07

come, Lord Cornwallis has just suffered

46:09

a major loss. Meanwhile, the swamp

46:11

Fox Marian and the game cock,

46:13

Sumter, continued to chip away at

46:16

his supply lines and inflict further

46:18

casualties. The damages severe enough that

46:20

Lord Cornwells isn't making it to

46:23

Hillsborough this winter. He falls back

46:25

to Winsborough, South Carolina. Nor will

46:27

things get any easier for his

46:29

retreating lordship because now he has

46:32

to face a new and this

46:34

time George Washington selected Continental Commander

46:36

here in the Southern Theater. The

46:39

one and only fighting Quaker Nathaniel

46:41

Green. Now we've met Nathaniel a

46:43

number of times in past episodes,

46:45

but here's a quick refresher. Hailing

46:48

from Rhode Island, Nathaniel's a walking

46:50

reminder not to jump to conclusions

46:52

about a person because of their

46:55

religious background. This army general is

46:57

a Quaker, which, to be clear,

46:59

Quakerism teaches complete nonviolence. Ah, hence

47:01

the significance of his nickname as

47:04

the fighting Quaker. Nathaniel's family was

47:06

quite well off, but since they

47:08

did not value schooling, only labor,

47:11

his education was lacking. This upset

47:13

him. He once wrote, I lament

47:15

the want of a liberal education.

47:18

I feel the mist of ignorance

47:20

to surround me. But Nathaniel made

47:22

up for Alexander Hamilton and Abe

47:24

Lincoln style. Reading like crazy. He

47:27

was with George Washington back at

47:29

the siege of Boston, and he

47:31

humbly took on the quartermaster gig

47:34

at Valley Forge, despite the fact

47:36

that such important background positions receive

47:38

little glory. Or, as Nathaniel put

47:40

it, quote, nobody ever heard of

47:43

a quartermaster in history, close quote.

47:45

But now that he's taking command

47:47

in the South, it seems that

47:50

the 38-year-old... towering, muscular, former foundry

47:52

man turned fighting Quaker with a

47:54

cloudy spot in his right eye

47:56

is going to make a splash

47:59

in the history books. and podcasts

48:01

after all. Following his appointment as

48:03

commander of the Southern Department on

48:06

October 14th, 1780, Nathaniel heads south

48:08

and finds his army camped at

48:10

Charlotte on December 2nd. With our

48:12

favorite swearing continental drill master, General

48:15

von Steuben, as is number two,

48:17

the fight in Quaker quickly notes

48:19

that the continental's condition is wretched.

48:22

Only about 1500 in number, these

48:24

men lack everything. From shoes to

48:26

pants, have lost their pride. and

48:29

hate their former commander, General Horatio

48:31

Gates. I'll stay light on the

48:33

details here, but suffice it to

48:35

say that Nathaniel puts his former

48:38

quartermaster skills to work, soliciting state

48:40

legislatures and governors from much-needed items.

48:42

While he does piss off Virginia's

48:45

rather sensitive governor, Thomas Jefferson, in

48:47

the process, the fight in Quaker

48:49

rather quickly restores his men's supplies,

48:51

dignity, and will to fight. Nathaniel

48:54

now does something highly unorthodox. He

48:56

divides his small force in two.

48:58

He gives some of his continentals

49:01

to the famed Virginia riflemen that

49:03

we met during episode 9 Saratoga

49:05

campaign, Daniel Morgan. Nathaniel plans to

49:07

take some of his forces toward

49:10

the P.D. River in the north

49:12

central part of South Carolina, while

49:14

Daniel takes the other continentals to

49:17

the western parts of the state.

49:19

It's normally not considered wise to

49:21

divide an army, but Nathaniel is

49:23

hoping to lure Lord Cornwals into

49:26

dividing his own with this maneuver.

49:28

And it works. Rather than played

49:30

safe his ever-agressive lordship since Bannister

49:33

Tarleton to deal with Daniel while

49:35

he, Lord Cornwallis, keeps his focus

49:37

on pushing back into North Carolina.

49:40

Risky? Sure, but with word that

49:42

Sir Henry Clinton is sending him

49:44

2,500 reinforcements, his lordship believes that

49:46

he has the troops to spare.

49:49

By mid-January 1781, Daniel Morgan knows

49:51

he's not just a diversion. Tarleton's

49:53

closing in on him. A fight

49:56

is inevitable and Daniel can't hope

49:58

for any backup from Nathaniel Green.

50:00

Their respective forces are separated by

50:02

140 miles. And so, brilliant tactician

50:05

that he is, Daniel prepares to

50:07

receive Tarleton in an open space

50:09

west of the Broad River, where

50:12

Backwoods folks graze their animals. A

50:14

place called The Calpents. My podcast

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is a mostly chronological retelling of

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the Second World War, and I

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hope you will join me on

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also on a trip around the

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globe, as we broaden the scope

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of Second World War history beyond

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the well-known battlefields of Europe and

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the Pacific. During weekly episodes, I

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seek to provide new insight for

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long-time students of the war, while

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also being a great jumping-on point

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for anyone seeking a deeper understanding

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podcast has made it to the

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embroiled in its second worldwide conflict

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in just 20 years. You can

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War on all major podcast platforms

51:20

or at History of the Second

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World War. I'm Matt Alber's host

51:25

of the Pirate History podcast. The

51:27

men and women of the Golden

51:29

Age of Piracy are some of

51:32

the most infamous and often misunderstood

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Captain Kidd, Blackbeard. But do you

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know their stories? They're real stories.

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Every week over on the pirate

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lives of these pirates. We examine

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what made these pirates sail the

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high seas in search of plunder.

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and adventure and revenge. The real

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stories are a lot more complex

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and a lot more interesting than

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hear the stories of the real

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the account and sailed under the

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black flag, join us on the

52:18

pirate history podcast. It's

52:30

early in the still dark morning,

52:33

January 17th, 1781. A patriot scout

52:35

is just returning to Daniel Morgan's

52:37

camp, west of the Broad River,

52:40

and south of the border between

52:42

the Carolinas. The scout immediately seeks

52:44

out the legendary riflemen and leader

52:47

to inform him that Bannister Tarleton's

52:49

1100 strong legion is coming their

52:51

way. Daniel wastes no time. He

52:54

wakes his men, who quickly breakfast,

52:56

then began taking formations. But it's

52:58

a curious formation. In the front,

53:01

Daniel has 150 sharp-shooting riflemen hiding

53:03

behind some trees. Behind them are

53:05

300 Carolina militiamen. In the third

53:08

line back, on a hill, are

53:10

Daniel's 450 or so continentals. And

53:12

behind them is a reserve of

53:15

80 cavalry men under George Washington's

53:17

distant cousin and fellow Virginian, Lieutenant

53:19

Colonel William Washington. An odd setup

53:22

indeed. Who puts their weakest units

53:24

toward the front? Nonetheless, the patriots

53:26

hold. and wait. It's now about

53:29

sunrise. British Lieutenant Colonel Bannister Tarleton's

53:31

1100 men are exhausted by their

53:33

long pre-dawn march, but their infamous

53:35

commander doesn't take that into consideration

53:38

as he has them form a

53:40

single main line with two pieces

53:42

of artillery and cavalry in the

53:45

back. Thinking the usual bayonet attacks

53:47

should do the trick, Tarleton sends

53:49

his men forward, who yell ferociously

53:52

as they advance. But as this

53:54

British and loyal force charges. The

53:56

Patriot riflemen behind the trees open

53:59

fire with Daniel's instructions of look

54:01

for the epaulets, pick off the

54:03

epaulets, wringing in their ears. They

54:06

do indeed, and soon British officers

54:08

are falling wounded or dead from

54:10

their horses. The sharp shooting riflemen

54:13

fall back as Tarleton's men push

54:15

onward toward the line of militia

54:17

men. But these patriots only fire

54:20

two volleys before falling back, just

54:22

like the sharpshooters. Tarlton's force is

54:24

suffering losses, but this looks great

54:27

for them. The Americans keep falling

54:29

back. It's like Camden all over

54:31

again. But the British and loyalist

54:34

advance slows as they encounter the

54:36

next line. The continentals. See, Daniel

54:38

sharpshooters and militia weren't retreating. They're

54:41

taking pot shots, then retiring was

54:43

all part of the plan. They

54:45

weakened Tarlton's men before they could

54:48

face Daniel's finest. Still hopeful. Tarlton

54:50

sends in his reinforcements. His fierce

54:52

highlanders. The Patriots fall back. But

54:55

once they are out of sight,

54:57

on the other side of the

54:59

hill, Daniel has them form up

55:02

and unleash another deadly volley. Once

55:04

their advancing foe comes into view.

55:06

Then the Patriot militia and cavalry

55:09

enter the fray. By 10 AM,

55:11

the battle's fate is sealed. Daniel

55:13

and his men have killed 110

55:16

British and taken over 700 captive.

55:18

American casualties are a mere 12

55:20

dead and 60 wounded. Realizing that

55:23

all is lost, Tarleton and a

55:25

small retinue of mounted soldiers' rights

55:27

for their lives. But William Washington

55:30

isn't having that. He and his

55:32

cavalrymen ride in hot pursuit. The

55:34

Virginian outpaces the others, coming so

55:37

close to Tarleton that he and

55:39

a few other British officers draw

55:41

their sabers and turn on their

55:44

pursuer. Still on horseback William courageously

55:46

crosses swords with these red coat

55:48

officers only for his weapon to

55:51

break at the hilt Effectively disarmed

55:53

William braces for death as a

55:55

British blade falls toward him only

55:57

to see his assailant shot at

56:00

the last moment. Turning, William recognizes

56:02

his Savior. His own enslaved orderly.

56:04

The young black man is soon

56:07

joined by other Patriot riders, as

56:09

William uses his hilt to deflect

56:11

a blow from Tarleton. But the

56:14

British officer knows he's lost now.

56:16

Pulling a pistol, he fires at

56:18

William Washington, missing him but hitting

56:21

the Virginia's horse. And with that,

56:23

the infamously vicious Brit rides off,

56:25

escaping his failure at Cowpens. much

56:28

like Horatio Gates escaped his demise

56:30

at Camden, shamefully saving himself while

56:32

losing nearly his entire force. Oh!

56:35

Lord Cornwallis is livid! These damned

56:37

rebels, who cheat by not fighting

56:39

in an open field like Europeans,

56:42

have now not only killed Major

56:44

Patrick Ferguson and taken his forces

56:46

at King's Mountain, but utterly embarrassed

56:49

and defeated Lieutenant Colonel Bannister Tarleton.

56:51

Our aggressive British commander in the

56:53

South won't stand for this. On

56:56

January 25th, he makes a rash

56:58

choice at Ramsar's Mill. He abandons

57:00

nearly all of his army's supplies.

57:03

This way, they won't be bogged

57:05

down and can move more rapidly.

57:07

Every man is given an extra

57:10

portion of rum, fed heartily, and

57:12

then told that's it. No rum

57:14

from here on out, and the

57:17

only food to be had is

57:19

what they can fit in their

57:21

personal bags. Apart from salt. ammo,

57:24

and medical supplies, everything else, food,

57:26

tense, you name it, is destroyed.

57:28

They'll scavenge from now on as

57:31

they move quickly to chase down

57:33

that infernal Daniel Morgan. But our

57:35

brilliant continental commander in the South,

57:38

Nathaniel, the fight in Quaker Green,

57:40

answers with a tactical retreat northward.

57:42

Everything about this maneuver is masterful.

57:45

Despite terrible terrain, the logistical nightmare

57:47

of moving hundreds of prisoners of

57:49

war and dealing with his sciatica

57:52

flaring up, Daniel Morgan manages a

57:54

roughly 100 mile north. East movement

57:56

over the Kataba River to meet

57:59

Nathaniel at a trading fort on

58:01

North Carolina's Yadkin River on February

58:03

3rd. Four days and about another

58:06

50 miles later, they rendezvous with

58:08

Brigadier General Isaac Hugur and the

58:10

main American army as well as

58:13

Dragoon leading Henry Lee or Lighthouse

58:15

Harry as this gifted cavalry man

58:17

is known. They made camp at

58:20

Guilford Courthouse, but sadly on February

58:22

10th, Daniel Morgan rendered all but

58:24

incapacitated by his sciatica. has to

58:26

leave for home. Nathaniel hates the

58:29

situation, but understands. The fighting Quakers

58:31

Army is reassembled, but this still

58:33

only constitutes a little over 2,000

58:36

men, and Lord Cornwallis is still

58:38

hot on his heels. The flight

58:40

northward continues. With some splitting up

58:43

and head fakes to mislead the

58:45

British, the Patriots book it to

58:47

the North Carolina- Virginia borders, Dan

58:50

River. As his army crosses it

58:52

and enters the old dominion, Nathaniel

58:54

brilliantly ensures none of the boats

58:57

are left behind for Lord Cornwallis

58:59

in his army. This last segment

59:01

of the fight in Quaker's tactical

59:04

retreat is known as the race

59:06

to the dam, and it's a

59:08

race that Lord Cornwallis has very

59:11

much lost. You know, his lordship

59:13

took a gamble in destroying those

59:15

stores to move faster. Had he

59:18

caught the Americans? He'd have been

59:20

a hero. But he didn't. And

59:22

now he needs supplies. Lord Corn

59:25

Wallace falls back to Hillsborough, North

59:27

Carolina, where he hopes to gain

59:29

supplies and new recruits with a

59:32

call for loyalists to join him.

59:34

He gains few men, but that

59:36

doesn't stop a false report from

59:39

gaining to Nathaniel, claiming that Lord

59:41

Corn Wallace has raised seven loyalist

59:43

companies in a single day. It's

59:46

amazing how false information can impact

59:48

our lives. Largely due to these

59:50

rumors, Nathaniel decides he must cross

59:53

the Dan back into North Carolina

59:55

and keep harassing Lord Cornwallis to

59:57

show the Tarheel state is not

1:00:00

pro-King George. Nathaniel certainly doesn't want

1:00:02

to do this. Sure, his armies

1:00:04

rested for a few days and

1:00:07

600 Virginia militia men come to

1:00:09

reinforce him. But as the fight

1:00:11

in Quaker explains in a letter

1:00:14

to Joseph Reed in Pennsylvania, quote,

1:00:16

our numbers were much inferior to

1:00:18

the enemy, and we were without

1:00:21

ammunition, provisions, or stores of any

1:00:23

kind, close quote. As such, Nathaniel

1:00:25

avoids a major engagement, sticking to

1:00:28

guerrilla engagements and skirmishes. The cat

1:00:30

and mouse game continues until, finally,

1:00:32

on March 11th, Nathaniel gets even

1:00:35

more reinforcements. A handful of continentals

1:00:37

and... Alas, mostly a mix of

1:00:39

militia men from Virginia and North

1:00:42

Carolina. I say alas because militia,

1:00:44

as we've seen in this very

1:00:46

episode, lack discipline. They're about as

1:00:48

reliable as Wi-Fi in an airport.

1:00:51

Sure, you'll use it for email,

1:00:53

but whether it will handle something

1:00:55

bigger, like streaming a movie, is

1:00:58

anyone's guess, much like militia in

1:01:00

a full-pitched battle. Nonetheless, these reinforcements

1:01:02

put Nathaniel's headcount over 4,000. about

1:01:05

double what Lord Cornwallis currently has.

1:01:07

So, the fight in Quaker decides

1:01:09

it's time to live up to

1:01:12

that nickname in a proper fight.

1:01:14

He picks the location, North Central,

1:01:16

North Carolina's Guilford Courthouse, and Lord

1:01:19

Cornwallis is happy to oblige. He

1:01:21

might be outnumbered, but with the

1:01:23

hubris often displayed in the Americas

1:01:26

by European commanders. His lordship is

1:01:28

sure that his 2000 plus trained

1:01:30

regulars can handle the far larger.

1:01:33

a heavily militia-based force of Americans.

1:01:35

It's the morning of March 15th,

1:01:37

1781. We're in the north central

1:01:40

region of the Tarheel State, back

1:01:42

at Guilford Courthouse, where Nathaniel Green

1:01:44

has his men preparing to receive

1:01:47

Lord Cornwallis' attack. They're forming three

1:01:49

lines. The first includes cavalry and

1:01:51

two pieces of artillery, but mostly

1:01:54

consists of a thousand North Carolina

1:01:56

militia standing by a rail fence,

1:01:58

standing by a rail fence. running

1:02:01

along the edge of the woods

1:02:03

behind them. The second is made

1:02:05

up of 600 Virginia militia. The

1:02:08

third is on a hill by

1:02:10

the courthouse itself, and it comprises

1:02:12

some 1400 continentals. Huh. Militia in

1:02:15

the front. Strong continentals in the

1:02:17

back. Sounds like the fight in

1:02:19

Quaker picked up a thing or

1:02:22

two from Daniel Morgan before he

1:02:24

left. As the morning wears late,

1:02:26

Whitehorse Harry comes riding up the

1:02:29

new garden, or Salisbury Road, that

1:02:31

cuts through the American lines and

1:02:33

leads to the courthouse. After a

1:02:36

morning of skirmishes against the banister

1:02:38

Tarleton, he reports to Nathaniel that

1:02:40

the redcoats are not far behind.

1:02:43

Okay then. Time to encourage the

1:02:45

men and make final preparations. At

1:02:47

1.30 in the afternoon, the Americans'

1:02:50

two artillery pieces, each six pounders,

1:02:52

opened fire as Lord Cornwallis and

1:02:54

his forces some 2,000 into the

1:02:57

field of battle. The sound of

1:02:59

these booming cannons are then joined

1:03:01

by that of drums and pipes

1:03:04

as a line of British and

1:03:06

Hessian troops advances. Drying close to

1:03:08

the North Carolinians, panic sets in

1:03:10

when the British noticed the fence.

1:03:13

As Sergeant Roger Lamb of the

1:03:15

Royal Welsh Fusiliers explains, their whole

1:03:17

force had their arms presented and

1:03:20

resting on the rail fence. They

1:03:22

were taking aim with the nicest

1:03:24

precision. At this awful period, a

1:03:27

general pause took place. Both parties

1:03:29

surveyed each other for the moment,

1:03:31

with the most anxious suspense. But

1:03:34

then, Colonel James Webster bellows out.

1:03:36

Of all my brave fusiliers! The

1:03:38

men's trainian discipline snapped them back

1:03:41

into action. Stealing themselves for death

1:03:43

or glory, they let out a

1:03:45

blood-curdling battle cry and obediently charged

1:03:48

for it into the North Carolinians

1:03:50

volley. It's deadly. Indeed, on the

1:03:52

British right, a Highlander captain reports

1:03:55

half of the 71st regiment fell,

1:03:57

dead on the spot. Like the

1:03:59

militia cow pens, the North Carolinians

1:04:02

are supposed to fire two volleys,

1:04:04

then fall back. That doesn't happen.

1:04:06

After firing one shot, they flee

1:04:09

before these screaming, charging bayonet... wielding

1:04:11

British troops who clearly have no

1:04:13

fear of death. It's possible that

1:04:16

Nathaniel gets a report of exaggerated

1:04:18

cowardice, but he'll later write that,

1:04:20

quote, many threw away their arms

1:04:23

and fled even before a gun

1:04:25

was fired at them, close quote.

1:04:27

But Nathaniel is pleased with the

1:04:30

Virginia militia's performance. Though they ultimately

1:04:32

give way, that was the plan.

1:04:34

And they fight fiercely before doing

1:04:37

so. The Virginians even come close

1:04:39

to capturing Lord Cornwallis, who, lost

1:04:41

among the woods, almost rides right

1:04:44

into them. He's saved by Sergeant

1:04:46

Lamb's observance, as he grabs the

1:04:48

bridle of his lordship's horse and

1:04:51

leads his lost commander back to

1:04:53

safety. The third American line of

1:04:55

continentals, joined by Colonel William Washington's

1:04:58

cavalry, fights ferociously. So much so

1:05:00

that Lord Cornwallis fears defeat. And

1:05:02

so, he orders his artillery terrain

1:05:05

grapes on the field. His lordship

1:05:07

kills some of his own men

1:05:09

in the process, but stands by

1:05:12

it, because it works. Nathaniel ultimately

1:05:14

calls for his men to retreat.

1:05:16

Lord Cornwallis has won the battle

1:05:19

of Guilford Courthouse, but it's a

1:05:21

Pyrric victory. As British parliamentarian, Charles

1:05:23

James Fox says after the battle,

1:05:26

another such victory would destroy the

1:05:28

British army. Yeah, Lord Cornwall's definitely

1:05:30

took it on his sizable chin

1:05:33

in winning here. His lordship suffered

1:05:35

93 dead, 413 wounded, 50 of

1:05:37

whom are dead by the morning,

1:05:39

and another 26 missing. As for

1:05:42

America's fighting Quaker, only 78 dead,

1:05:44

and 184 wounded. Both commanders in

1:05:46

the South write their respective commanders

1:05:49

in chief after the battle, with

1:05:51

different plans. I am determined to

1:05:53

carry the war in South Carolina.

1:05:56

The enemy will be obliged to

1:05:58

follow us or give up their

1:06:00

post in that state. it appears

1:06:03

that Lord Corn Wallace will risk

1:06:05

that loss. He chooses not to

1:06:07

follow Nathaniel. As his lordship explains

1:06:10

in his April 10th letter to

1:06:12

his commander, Sir Henry Clinton, he's

1:06:14

done with the southern strategy. Lord

1:06:17

Corn Wallace is now convinced that

1:06:19

one of the main tenets of

1:06:21

that strategy, that loyalists would significantly

1:06:24

help the British army, is bunk,

1:06:26

and he thinks they should focus

1:06:28

their efforts on Virginia. To quote

1:06:31

him. Until Virginia is in a

1:06:33

manner subdued, our hold of the

1:06:35

Carolinas must be difficult, if not

1:06:38

precarious, unless material assistance could be

1:06:40

got from the inhabitants, the contrary

1:06:42

of which I have sufficiently experienced.

1:06:45

Lord Cornwallis marches his army north

1:06:47

to Virginia. He does so utterly

1:06:49

ignorant that his decision will lead

1:06:52

to what just might be the

1:06:54

decisive battle in this war. A

1:06:56

battle fought in place called Yorktown.

1:06:59

But that's a story for next

1:07:01

time. History That Doesn't Suck is

1:07:03

created and hosted by me, Greg

1:07:06

Jackson. Episode Research written by Greg

1:07:08

Jackson. Production by Airship. Sound design

1:07:10

by Molly Bogg. Theme music composed

1:07:13

by Greg Jackson. Theme music composed

1:07:15

by Greg Jackson. Arrangement and additional

1:07:17

composition by Lindsay Graham of Airship.

1:07:20

for bibliography of all primary and

1:07:22

secondary sources consulted in writing this

1:07:24

episode, visit HGDS podcast.com. HTS

1:07:29

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1:07:31

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