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to this very

0:02

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of Professor Dick Bond's

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lecture on entropy in the

0:09

cosmos, including his

0:11

thoughts on the cosmic superweb and

0:13

his many, many strong interactions

0:16

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0:18

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Richard Feynman and beyond. I hope

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yours truly, please enjoy this intro

1:55

to Dick Bond's lecture on

1:57

cosmic entropy. Any

2:05

sufficiently advanced technology is

2:07

indistinguishable from magic. Open

2:11

the pod bay doors. Entropy

2:13

everybody thinks about as

2:15

this kind of thermal heat

2:18

with no correlations

2:20

and all of that

2:22

and it seems

2:24

to be completely opposite to the

2:26

concept of coherence where things

2:28

are organized over large scales but

2:31

the two go together and

2:33

it makes quantum mechanics and quantum

2:35

cosmology which is what quantum

2:37

mechanics is because cosmology is

2:39

everything and so that's

2:41

the title but the point

2:44

that it's not in the

2:46

abstract but I want to emphasize here

2:48

is something that, you

2:51

know, well, I think it's

2:53

true for everybody in every

2:55

age in science that cosmic science

2:57

is done by cosmic friends.

2:59

That it's people who are

3:01

close friends with each other

3:03

that collaborate together. And usually

3:06

it's sort of your era

3:08

of PhD, post -PhD. But

3:10

if you're lucky, your

3:12

great collaborations extend throughout your

3:15

entire working life. So I'm

3:17

going to inject

3:19

you with a

3:21

very personal view

3:24

of my development, which starts

3:26

from actually being an

3:28

undergraduate in Toronto. And

3:30

it's a very personal kind of

3:33

history, but it's all about

3:35

how entropy has been underlying

3:37

this. And there are

3:39

many fellow travelers on this journey

3:41

with me at the many places

3:43

I've been at, and these are some

3:45

of the lists of those places. Caltech

3:48

is where George and I first crossed

3:50

paths. So

3:52

the general picture is one

3:54

of quantum cosmology, and

3:57

this is kind of things

3:59

that you all know, but we should

4:02

celebrate anyway. Unveiling

4:04

fundamental physics from complexity to

4:07

simplicity to complexity to simplicity,

4:10

simplicity may or may

4:12

not be the ultimate

4:14

art of the long -term

4:16

future. complexity is whatever

4:18

things emerged from. Simplicity

4:20

is how simple that

4:23

seven parameter description is that

4:25

has been so hard won

4:27

by cosmology in what we'd

4:29

like to call the

4:31

golden age that got culminated

4:33

by the various microwave background

4:35

experiments plus all the large

4:37

-scale structure experiments. My

4:40

goal is to

4:42

actually write a

4:44

book or maybe

4:46

pamphlets or something,

4:49

a tomb, a

4:51

tomb. But the

4:53

issue is whether it'll be interesting

4:55

enough for other people to hear

4:57

about. But what we're going

5:00

to see is a lot

5:02

of relationship quantum mechanics to the

5:04

flow of the universe. And

5:06

so this is the master

5:09

equation, which you probably never

5:11

seen before. which is

5:13

the wave function of the universe

5:15

is the exponent of the

5:17

minus of the yin yang symbol

5:19

and so that mysterious thing

5:22

I'm going to try and someone

5:24

explain but this number one

5:26

it kind of looks like an

5:28

s but I'll explain that

5:30

it's even more profound than that

5:33

but the wave function is

5:35

e to the i action minus

5:37

it's actually half entropy because

5:39

it's the square root of number

5:42

when you do derivative. And so

5:44

the two ingredients, which are

5:46

fundamental in the title, phase,

5:49

which is what action is, and

5:52

information or

5:55

entropy, that

5:57

those go together and they

5:59

make quantum mechanics. And so after

6:01

all of the efforts in

6:03

my career that took me that

6:07

these two clearly go together, which was

6:09

obvious, I guess, from the beginning, but it

6:11

takes a while to actually see things.

6:13

And then you'd say, yeah, but everybody knows

6:15

that. And the worst thing that you

6:17

can say, well, it's just quantum mechanics. But

6:20

the universe is just

6:22

quantum mechanics. So it's not

6:25

a tiny thing. And,

6:27

you know, fine, as I

6:29

quoted von Neumann in

6:31

his response to Shannon about

6:34

his information quantities called

6:36

entropy, Feynman famously said nobody

6:38

understands quantum mechanics and then

6:40

there was the other dictum which

6:42

is shut up and calculate

6:44

which means that you try not

6:46

to go down the rabbit

6:48

hole of metaphysics of physics although

6:51

you'll see that I'm probably

6:53

going down that rabbit hole. Our

6:55

goal actually from the

6:57

beginning using the CMV large

7:00

-scale structure with this fantastic

7:02

convergence towards a standard

7:04

model has always been to

7:06

find something that's beyond

7:08

that standard model. And

7:10

we're still in quest of that. And

7:13

I can tell you if we don't

7:15

get it, our subject is going to

7:17

become anemic. So we need

7:19

to find things to look

7:21

for that are beyond the standard

7:23

model of cosmology and tilted

7:25

lambda CDM, while great is not

7:27

got the sense of newness

7:29

that we would like to have.

7:32

Okay, so I'm gonna go back

7:34

to cosmic information and some

7:36

of the people whose pictures

7:38

you will recognize if we go

7:40

into it in detail, but

7:42

I don't have time for

7:44

that. I'm going to emphasize though

7:47

Pythagoras because we are all

7:49

Pythagoreans. We ascribe to the fundamental

7:51

view that you can describe

7:53

the universe in terms of

7:55

mathematics. He also

7:58

introduced digital, that is

8:00

to say, counting numbers,

8:02

but also harmonics, you

8:04

know, playing the

8:06

string instrument. And

8:09

so, you know, we'll

8:11

see this later, one, two, three,

8:13

infinity ideas, he abstracted this

8:15

to be a full description of the

8:17

universe. And you say, well, oh, yeah,

8:19

but that's a long time ago. They

8:21

didn't really know anything. And my contention

8:23

is they actually knew a lot. It's

8:25

just that they didn't know the

8:27

microcosm and the macrocosm that we

8:29

know now because we dug so

8:31

deep but the information is there

8:34

at the meso level that we

8:36

inhabit of you know what is

8:38

fundamental in physics. The

8:40

other person I'm highlighting here is

8:42

somebody that if you read him

8:44

you say quite profound maybe it's

8:46

just because he was a soccer

8:48

team student but he emphasized the

8:50

concept of idea with a capital

8:53

I from idea with a little

8:55

I and We

8:57

just did a V -log

8:59

with my good friend Brian

9:01

here, and we got into

9:03

this story that everything is

9:05

information and you're gonna hear

9:08

a little bit too much

9:10

about that. Okay, so play

9:12

of ideas, right? And the

9:14

asymptotic little ideas is a

9:16

capital idea of which you

9:18

probably never get to because

9:20

it's too ideal. This

9:23

is red

9:26

oil This is gam off

9:28

and I won't name the

9:30

others of the matron. So

9:33

I'm not gonna name all

9:35

these others. I'll name this

9:37

character Newton just because you

9:39

may have don't know if

9:41

you have you may have

9:44

seen the movie the mask

9:46

you ever seen the movie

9:48

the mask that my fellow

9:50

Canadian Started that movie and

9:52

so I was in Edinburgh

9:55

behind curtain as it were. And

9:57

this is Newton's death

9:59

mask. And so I

10:02

was able to take Newton's death

10:04

mask. And

10:06

I did not get insight

10:08

when I put it on

10:10

my face and became the

10:12

mask. But I find this

10:15

a joyous picture. The connectivity

10:17

that we all have to

10:19

these characters That's what

10:21

we're trying to move forward. That's

10:23

the goal of our existence.

10:25

I could spend arbitrarily long time

10:27

on everybody else here. Oh

10:30

yeah, there's epsilon t, which

10:32

Bloom's large, you all know

10:35

about it. It's sometimes called

10:37

the slow roll parameter. Complete

10:39

misstatement of what it actually

10:41

is. The parameter is

10:43

the acceleration parameter of the universe. Epsilon

10:46

approximately zero is inflation.

10:48

Epsilon equals one is end

10:50

of inflation. Epsilon

10:52

is three -halves is ordinary

10:54

old matter. And

10:56

epsilon of two is

10:58

radiation. Epsilon of three

11:01

is if it's completely kinetic

11:03

and doesn't have the spatial,

11:05

the plasmas ingredients associated

11:08

with that. Anyway, so

11:10

epsilon extremely important for

11:12

understanding evolution of the

11:14

universe. Okay, so

11:17

now I'm going to go

11:19

back to how I learned

11:21

about thermodynamics. And I'm

11:23

going to emphasize some words here,

11:25

which you've heard, but I hope

11:27

that they will really sink home. Gravity

11:30

is not gravity. Thermodynamics

11:32

is not thermodynamics.

11:34

It's called gravothermal. And

11:37

they're deeply connected to

11:39

each other. And a long

11:41

time ago in the... cosmology

11:44

and the dynamics of galaxies,

11:46

they understood that there was something

11:48

they called the gravitational catastrophe. And

11:51

I'll get into this in more detail. But

11:53

my view is that

11:56

that's the fundamental thing that

11:58

is defining how gravity

12:00

is working and how the

12:02

universe evolves. It is

12:04

by a splitting of something

12:06

that collapses into a

12:08

core and something that has

12:10

entropy radiated into it.

12:12

which is effectively voids and

12:14

things like that. So

12:17

that that's universal. We

12:19

usually think about it in terms of

12:21

the formation of red giant stars

12:23

or in terms of very dense star

12:25

clusters doing this gravothermal catastrophe. But

12:28

in fact, it's very general.

12:30

So these are some of

12:32

the great champions. This was

12:34

a textbook from maybe an

12:36

undergraduate of the thermodynamic history.

12:38

This is Boltzmann. This is

12:40

the great beginning of of

12:43

American physics

12:45

gives. Man, you

12:47

know all the names of all these

12:49

characters. There's a name here which you

12:51

know, but you probably

12:53

don't know. This is

12:55

Cardo's book, 1824.

12:59

He was the one who introduced entropy,

13:01

but he didn't call it entropy.

13:03

Somebody else did. So,

13:05

Colonel died extremely young, but

13:07

made this profound thing

13:11

by looking at

13:13

heat and engines.

13:16

And that's of course how you

13:18

were taught thermodynamics back in

13:20

the day. And one

13:23

way of doing that, here

13:25

we have what's called the

13:27

ideal Carnot cycle for engines. And

13:30

the ideal Carnot cycle has entropy

13:32

in this direction, temperature in that

13:34

direction, and it goes up and

13:36

down and it can go around

13:38

and around and around. but in

13:40

the real world at the macroscopic

13:42

level there is always uh what

13:44

is it effect you might call

13:46

it a hysteresis in which the

13:48

entropy is positive and increasing and

13:50

so that's sort of the thing

13:52

that one learned about but that

13:54

wasn't the only thing that one

13:56

learned about because you're doing physics

13:58

you probably did chemistry and chemistry

14:00

entropy plays an extremely important role

14:02

but that's not really the way

14:04

one is wording it it is

14:06

the balance of chemical potentials which

14:08

is occurring in reactions where this

14:10

is in ingredients and this is

14:12

the out ingredients for a reaction

14:14

which is in thermal equilibrium and

14:17

so this is the sort of

14:19

thing that I was stepped steeped

14:21

in in my youth that the

14:23

University of Toronto as an undergraduate

14:25

curiously enough I passed much in

14:27

my career at the same university

14:29

I was an undergraduate in which

14:31

is a rare phenomenon I don't

14:33

know how many of you will

14:35

have done something similar to that

14:37

probably not many. Some

14:41

of the books that were on

14:43

my shelf, not just this, which

14:45

was the textbook of the time,

14:47

is Jeremy. Little book,

14:49

really profound, but classical thermodynamics

14:51

in the whole sense of

14:53

the word, and nod into

14:55

the statistical physics of the

14:57

whole thing. And another book

14:59

here. So I went

15:01

from the University of Toronto

15:04

to Caltech 50 years ago. 51

15:07

to be short. And

15:10

I was keen about

15:12

seeing the universe as

15:14

a coherent entity, all

15:16

interacting together. And

15:18

part of that was because as an undergraduate, among

15:21

other things that I worked on, I

15:23

worked on superfluids. And

15:25

so superfluids are supposed

15:27

to be this collective

15:29

quantum phenomenon that's effectively

15:31

macroscopic, just like superconductors

15:33

are. And so I

15:35

was intrigued by that. And

15:38

then with the neutrinos, the

15:41

way I was envisioning it

15:43

through my thesis and all of

15:45

that, it was that the

15:47

neutrino comes in, it tickles the

15:49

medium. And the medium

15:51

is a unit and a collective

15:53

response, which is what

15:56

happens. And you can describe it in

15:58

terms of current -current correlation from sort

16:00

of response, which is I'm getting

16:02

a little bit too technical here. But

16:04

then, as you will see, what

16:07

should have happened right at

16:09

the beginning, because I was well

16:11

steeped in it, but the

16:13

entropic went closely connected to the

16:16

coherent. But why we

16:18

all became anthropologists will be revealed

16:20

in the next slide. So

16:22

then my whole career, out of

16:24

all the time, from that period

16:27

to now, with every problem that

16:29

I've worked on, it is

16:31

in order to go from the

16:33

ultra late universe the ultra late

16:35

universe with these two concepts in

16:37

mind to try and explain to

16:39

myself and hopefully to you but

16:42

to myself how things are put

16:44

together and how they work. Thanks

16:46

so much for listening to this intro

16:48

to what your appetite this little hors d

16:51

'oeuvre and the cosmos, hopefully not too hot

16:53

in the subject of cosmic entropy. The

16:55

lecture really gets going in earnest the

16:57

last for about an hour and a

16:59

half or a little bit more, some

17:01

questions throughout it, and the slides are

17:03

quite informative and really quite beautiful. If

17:06

I don't say so myself, Dick, but

17:08

it's a tremendous amount of information on

17:10

each slide, approaching black hole information density

17:12

entropy. So I hope you'll do that

17:14

again. You can join for 99 cents. or

17:16

more, going up from there to

17:18

whopping $19 .99. And that's for

17:20

those of you that want to

17:23

share your ideas about the cosmos,

17:25

your theories of everything, your

17:27

thoughts on unified theories.

17:30

as well as cosmic information and

17:32

so forth. I run these

17:34

group chats for those of you

17:36

at the highest tier level

17:38

of membership here on my YouTube

17:40

channel at least, and you

17:42

can join there. And that's really

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a way that you can

17:46

support me in the mission that

17:48

I do and really be

17:50

an indicator, a signpost, a cosmic

17:52

luminosity indicator. That will

17:54

help me understand how you guys appreciate

17:56

this show if you do. And so

17:58

I thank you very much. And last

18:00

but not least, if you're made it

18:02

all the way to the end of

18:04

this and you're not too mad, please

18:07

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18:13

I hope you will see me on

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the membership sign of the YouTube channel. That's

18:17

Dr. Brian Keating on YouTube. And don't

18:20

forget, I also have a separate channel

18:22

where I do experiments. That's called Professor

18:24

Keating Experiments. find that channel on YouTube

18:26

as well. Thank you as always for

18:28

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