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University of Illinois Geese College of

0:37

Business Online NBA, known as the

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IMBA, which provides unmatched flexibility that

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impact. My name is Jeff Wayman. I'm

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an IMBA student at the University

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of Illinois Geese College of Business.

0:55

Currently, I'm head of content strategy

0:57

for the Office of CTO for

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Tech Company. I have a

1:02

career path that I pretty much understand,

1:04

but I'm looking to expand my capabilities

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and move into more senior leadership roles.

1:08

And so an NBA was always something

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that was on my mind. You know,

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I would consider myself a lifelong learner.

1:14

You know, I enjoy it. When narrowing

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the Geese University of Illinois, built a

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biggest thing is, you know, time management. My

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work is flexible, but at the same time

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it's unpredictable. I have a family as well.

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The program in every way has certainly given

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me that opportunity for flexibility. But I think

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that flexibility has been the best part for

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me. We get home with our family, we

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eat dinner with our family. I can still

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do all those things, even if there's a

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class that day. I really have 25 to

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30 years left to work. a program

2:00

for me, I'm like, I'm going to

2:03

spread that cost over that time. And

2:05

so, you know, based on that investment,

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what could I expect from that? If

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I can be more competitive when I

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my next interview, absolutely that I think

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You know, best case scenario, it changes

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my career path or trajectory. Looking at

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other students that have to graduate, other

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things people have done, it's certainly a

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they deliver the coursework, how they interact

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as possible. I don't think you're going

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I think is the real big difference

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for me. If you're like most

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in mind at geese-Online.ilinois.

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is Ted Health, a podcast from the

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host, Dr. Shoshana Unger Lighter.

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Could the key to preventing

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the next pandemic be right

4:11

under our noses, or rather,

4:13

in the noses of our

4:15

animal companions? Researcher Glenn Golden's

4:17

work explores this fascinating possibility.

4:19

From ferrets with a knack

4:21

for sniffing out bird flu,

4:24

to dogs that can spot

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4:28

Golden's research is turning our

4:30

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4:32

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4:37

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that could also tell you you're coming

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down with the flu before you even

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feel a sniffle? It's just one of the

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7:45

So imagine if we had something

7:47

like a smoke detector, but

7:49

for diseases. Instead of testing

7:52

the air for smoke particles,

7:54

this alarm would look for

7:56

tiny traces of an odor

7:59

profile associated. with being infected

8:01

by a virus, for example,

8:03

all day long, 24-7. But

8:05

the second the odor profile

8:08

reached a certain concentration, the

8:10

alarm would start blaring. Immediately,

8:12

you would know that you

8:14

were sick, that you should

8:17

see a doctor, or at

8:19

the very least that you

8:21

should isolate yourself. Ideally, this

8:23

mechanical nose would sniff out

8:26

a virus before you showed

8:28

any symptoms. or spread it

8:30

to anyone else. Because if

8:32

we learned anything from the

8:35

COVID-19 pandemic, it's that testing

8:37

matters. And the sooner we

8:39

know you're infected, the better.

8:41

A mechanical nose like this

8:44

could stop pandemics in their

8:46

tracks, and not just for

8:48

humans, but for animals, too.

8:50

Take the high pathogen avian

8:53

influenza virus that left 53

8:55

million chickens dead in the

8:57

US alone and caused egg

8:59

prices to skyrocket. It's easy

9:01

to test chickens for avian

9:04

influenza virus, but there are

9:06

tens of thousands of chickens

9:08

at any given farm. So

9:10

which ones do you test?

9:13

Wild waterfowl are basically asymptomatic

9:15

and can transfer the virus

9:17

just by landing on the

9:19

farm. And if you do

9:22

have a sick chicken, by

9:24

the time you get the

9:26

results back, it's probably too

9:28

late. The whole flock is

9:31

sick. What we need is

9:33

a mechanical nose testing the

9:35

air 24-7 non-stop. That is

9:37

the ultimate end goal of

9:40

my research. Well, not just

9:42

my research, but a whole

9:44

field of biologists, chemists, mechanical

9:46

engineers, and physicists studying odor

9:49

and scent detection. But building

9:51

a mechanical nose is really

9:53

hard. The mammalian old factory

9:55

system is in... incredibly complex,

9:58

detecting thousands of odors across

10:00

combinations of millions of olfactory

10:02

receptors. We have a lot

10:04

to learn before we can

10:07

design this disease-detecting mechanical nose,

10:09

but I know how we're

10:11

going to get there, using

10:13

everything we're learning about how

10:16

dogs smell disease and wildlife.

10:18

For decades we've known that

10:20

dogs can smell cancer. high

10:22

and low blood sugar, seizures,

10:25

and other non-infectious diseases. They're

10:27

not just smelling the disease

10:29

per se, but the metabolic

10:31

results of being infected. If

10:34

you have diabetes, for example,

10:36

your sweat, blood, and urine

10:38

smells differently when you have

10:40

high blood sugar, that's why

10:43

doctors use the stiff or

10:45

even taste their patient's urine

10:47

to test for diabetes. Thank

10:49

God for modern science, right?

10:52

But you can train a

10:54

dog to detect high blood

10:56

sugar the same way, by

10:58

rewarding them with their favorite

11:01

treater toy, any time they

11:03

indicate they smell the correct

11:05

sample. They quickly learn to

11:07

pick up the odor that

11:10

will get them the reward.

11:12

Of course, this is very

11:14

useful information for an individual

11:16

with a specific disease, but

11:19

what about on a larger

11:21

scale? Can we train animals

11:23

to sniff out infectious diseases

11:25

and stop their spread? I

11:28

believe the answer is yes.

11:30

My obsession with All Things

11:32

Animal started when I was

11:34

a little kid, but for

11:37

a long time it was

11:39

just a hobby. My real

11:41

passion was being the front

11:43

man and lead vocalist of

11:46

a band called Fatal Attraction

11:48

that toured around the New

11:50

York tri-state area. In fact...

11:52

This is the first time

11:55

I've been on a stage

11:57

since 1991. after

12:00

my best friend and drummer

12:02

died in a motorcycle accident.

12:04

I can tell you that

12:06

being here on stage is

12:08

nothing but surreal. And if

12:10

I look behind me, it's

12:12

not because I'm looking at

12:14

the slides, but I'm looking

12:16

for that all-toothed grin of

12:18

my brother behind the red

12:20

drum kit. The end of

12:22

his life was the end

12:24

of my music career. I'd

12:27

have to find a new

12:29

passion. After a long deep

12:31

depression, I re-emerged as a

12:33

scientist and continued on as

12:35

a dog decoy. You've probably

12:37

seen us on TV before.

12:39

The guy's wearing the big

12:41

padded suits, getting repeatedly pummeled

12:43

by police and military dogs

12:45

in training. Yeah, sounds like

12:47

the perfect career for a

12:49

big guy like me who

12:51

just went through a traumatic

12:53

life event. Getting attacked repeatedly

12:55

by dogs. But

12:57

I loved it. I spent

12:59

all day working with dogs

13:02

and around the same time

13:04

I kept seeing Mercer all

13:06

over the news. Hospitals developed

13:08

extensive cleaning protocols and still

13:10

patients got Mercer. I thought

13:12

surely dogs must be able

13:15

to smell mersa, so my

13:17

initial naive as hell idea

13:19

was to bring dogs around

13:21

hospitals to detect specific areas

13:23

where mersa colonies were growing.

13:25

Kind of like a drug

13:28

dog at the airport. I

13:30

just missed the small detail

13:32

that no surgeon was going

13:34

to let me let a

13:36

dog into a room where

13:38

they'd be exposing patients with

13:41

large open incisions. Not that

13:43

I would let that kind

13:45

of detail stop me. So

13:47

off I went to Monel

13:49

Chemical Census Center, the leading

13:51

research institute for chemosensory sciences,

13:54

where I met Dr. Bruce

13:56

Kimball, an analytical chemist, and

13:58

the late Dr. Kuniyo Yamazah.

14:00

who had successfully shown that

14:02

mice can detect avian influenza

14:04

in duct fecal samples. While

14:07

I was working on another

14:09

postdoctoral project for Bruce, they

14:11

were looking to do the

14:13

next round of avian influenza

14:15

virus studies, this time using

14:17

a different species as the

14:20

biodetector. My first thought was

14:22

giant Gambian pouch rats, the

14:24

hero rats you've seen detecting

14:26

landmines in Africa. Gambian pouch

14:28

rats are a highly invasive

14:30

species in the US, and

14:33

there was no way that

14:35

they were going to let

14:37

me import any. And then

14:39

I read a research paper

14:41

about how ferrets interact with

14:43

humans like dogs do. Yeah,

14:46

ferrets. Ferrets can hold your

14:48

gaze, and if you point

14:50

your finger, they'll follow it

14:52

to see what you're pointing

14:54

at. So we ordered eight

14:56

young ferrets and got to

14:59

work. To figure out whether

15:01

ferrets can accurately detect avian

15:03

influenza virus, we train them

15:05

using two different chemical samples.

15:07

One with an odor similar

15:09

to an infected duck and

15:12

one with the odor similar

15:14

to a non-infected duck. If

15:16

the ferret alerted by scratching

15:18

on the correct box, we

15:20

click the clicker or mark

15:22

his behavior and then gave

15:25

them a tasty reward with

15:27

a syringe. Very quickly, ferrets

15:29

learn to identify the sick

15:31

duck chemical samples with 90%

15:33

accuracy. And that's great for

15:35

in the lab. But if

15:38

we wanted to use ferrets

15:40

to detect avian influenza in

15:42

real life, they wouldn't be

15:44

sniffing pure chemical samples, but

15:46

real duck poop. And poop

15:48

is obviously more socially salient.

15:51

aromaticly complex, a lot of

15:53

competing compelling odors in a

15:55

very tiny little package. We

15:57

still had the fecal samples

15:59

from the mouse experiment that

16:01

had been sitting in a

16:04

minusate freezer for the past

16:06

six years. We put five

16:08

boxes in a row, four

16:10

with negative samples and one

16:12

with a positive sample in

16:14

a different order each time

16:17

so the ferrets couldn't predict

16:19

which box contained the positive

16:21

sample. I remember watching each

16:23

ferret approach the positive box,

16:25

smell it for a bit,

16:27

and then start to move

16:30

on to the next box.

16:32

And my heart would sink.

16:34

But before I could even

16:36

sigh, every ferret spun around

16:38

and slammed that paw down

16:40

on the box holding the

16:43

positive sample. The ferrets were

16:45

right 79% of the time.

16:47

And they could detect the

16:49

odor change a day before,

16:51

and at least one day

16:53

after traditional medical testing. The

16:56

next step was to transition

16:58

to dogs, because as much

17:00

as I love ferrets, they

17:02

just aren't suited to high

17:04

traffic places. I mean, imagine

17:06

seeing a ferret on a

17:09

little leash at the airport,

17:11

on an egg farm, or

17:13

at a highway stop sniffing

17:15

livestock crossing state lines. It

17:17

would be hilarious. It would

17:19

be adorable, but it would

17:22

also be imperfect. because ferrets

17:24

are prone to distraction and

17:26

less motivated than dogs, especially

17:28

in chaotic environments. So just

17:30

like the ferrets, we trained

17:32

up a group of dogs

17:35

and they could detect avian

17:37

influenza virus. It didn't really

17:39

matter which breed of dog,

17:41

so long as they were

17:43

physically capable of doing the

17:45

job and very motivated. These

17:48

dogs could work on chicken

17:50

farms, do a quick scan

17:52

of the chickens every day,

17:54

and sniff out bird flu

17:56

before it spreads to thousands

17:58

of other birds. Hunters coming

18:01

off the lake with their

18:03

harvest could use these dogs

18:05

to tell them which ducks

18:07

were infected and which weren't.

18:09

diseases. Recently my team has

18:11

been working on chronic wasting

18:14

disease and white-tailed deer. Chronic

18:16

wasting disease, or CWD, is

18:18

a fatal, highly transmissible disease

18:20

that affects servants like deer,

18:22

elk, and moose. If you

18:24

never want to sleep again,

18:27

feel free to look up

18:29

preon disease after my talk.

18:31

Basically, preons calls... cause proteins

18:33

to misfold in the body,

18:35

which then accumulate in the

18:37

nervous system, resulting in spongiform

18:40

and sepulopathy, which is really

18:42

just a fancy phrase for

18:44

huge holes in your brain,

18:46

literally the stuff of nightmares.

18:48

CWD spreads from infected deer

18:50

through bodily fluids and tissues,

18:53

so it's not just deer-to-deer

18:55

contact, but the environment as

18:57

well. A healthy deer can

18:59

get seawd by drinking from

19:01

a water source where a

19:03

sick deer had drank from

19:06

days or even weeks before.

19:08

So using the same techniques

19:10

we did with the avian

19:12

influenza, we trained dogs to

19:14

detect fecal samples from seawd

19:16

infected deer. The dogs were

19:19

94% accurate in the lab

19:21

and 80% accurate in the

19:23

field, even when they were

19:25

distracted by moving tractors and

19:27

combines. That means we could

19:30

use lab-trained dogs as a

19:32

rapid, non-invasive-tested hunter-check-in stations to

19:34

prevent hunters from eating CWD-infected

19:36

deer meat. And we could

19:38

deploy them to live deer

19:40

forms to alert farmers of

19:43

infected deer in the herd.

19:46

This research is groundbreaking. Our

19:48

results suggest that not only

19:50

can dogs ferrets and rats

19:52

accurately detect the odor profiles

19:54

of infectious diseases, but in

19:56

some cases they can do

19:58

it sooner than a traditional

20:00

medical test. And like I

20:02

said earlier, timing is everything.

20:04

The faster you detect a

20:06

disease, the sooner you can

20:08

eradicate it. In the long

20:10

term, the more we learn

20:12

about odor detection, the faster

20:15

we get to a mechanical

20:17

nose. And though it may

20:19

be many years before we

20:21

have both a smoke and

20:23

a virus detector in our

20:25

homes, Dogs, ferrets and rats

20:27

can be deployed to labs

20:29

worldwide in a matter of

20:31

months. So the next time

20:33

you get a rapid non-invasive

20:35

pathogen test, it might not

20:37

be a human with a

20:39

pipette, but a little ferret

20:41

on a leash doing all

20:43

the work. Animals really are

20:45

our best friends. It's not

20:47

just that they love us

20:49

unconditionally, it's that they can

20:51

truly save our lives. Thank

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