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0:29

This day April 15th 1914

0:32

soldiers from the Colorado National

0:34

Guard and private guards employed

0:36

by the Colorado Fuel and

0:38

Iron Company attacked a tent

0:40

colony of roughly 1,200 striking

0:42

coal miners and their families

0:44

in Ludlow, Colorado. Approximately 21

0:46

people were killed in this

0:49

attack, including minors, wives, and

0:51

children, many of them burning

0:53

in their tents. Wallace Stegner,

0:55

the author, once wrote about

0:57

the Ledlo Massacre, that it

0:59

was, quote, one of the

1:01

bleakest and blackest episodes in American

1:03

labor history. The details are, indeed,

1:06

bleak as we will get to,

1:08

but the incident did shake the

1:10

country's attitude towards labor and unions.

1:12

We've talked about this era as

1:14

being messy and violent with scattered

1:16

progress towards more rights for workers.

1:18

and unionization. So let's talk about

1:20

the Ludlow Massacre and maybe why

1:22

it's a little less remembered as

1:24

some of the other touchstone labor

1:26

stories of the era, though it

1:28

does involve one extremely well-known figure,

1:30

who we will discuss. But here,

1:32

as always, Nicole Hammer of Vanderbilt

1:34

and Kelly Carter Jackson of Wellesley.

1:37

Hello there. Hello, Judy. Hey there. Nikki.

1:39

You want to give us a little background

1:41

on the town of Ludlow and the mine.

1:43

This is kind of classic company town, company

1:45

town, mining town, but what do we need

1:48

to know. So I think

1:50

listeners will know that Colorado,

1:52

like Nevada, like California, are

1:55

these big mining states, and

1:57

rapacious mining too. There's less.

2:00

in places like West Virginia and

2:02

Pennsylvania where coal mining is also

2:04

really popular. But by 1910, about

2:06

10% of Colorado workers are working

2:08

in coal mining. And you have

2:10

these big powerful companies, companies like

2:12

CFI, that were being run by

2:14

people out east, in this case,

2:16

John D. Rockefeller Jr. was managing

2:18

the company from New York. In

2:20

Colorado, in part because of that

2:22

absentee. landlordism and just like the

2:24

distance from the east. These are

2:26

some of the deadliest mines in

2:28

the country. 110 people die in

2:30

1913 in the Colorado mines. And

2:32

as you mentioned Jody, these are

2:34

the company towns. If you all

2:36

know labor songs, you know what

2:38

company towns are. They're towns that

2:40

are basically built by the company

2:42

itself. They pay you in script,

2:44

which is kind of fake money

2:46

that you can then use at

2:48

the company store. It's the only

2:50

place that takes the money. So

2:52

you are constantly buying it from

2:54

the company itself. They give you

2:56

a home. You rent it from

2:58

the company. And that might be

3:00

nicer than other homes you could

3:02

find. There's not really towns around

3:04

there. So, you know, it allows

3:06

workers to have a place to

3:08

live, but it also means that

3:10

if you lose your job, you

3:12

lose everything. You lose access to

3:14

the company store, you lose your

3:16

home. And so for workers to

3:18

go on strike in a situation

3:20

like this, really does mean we're

3:22

rolling the dice with everything. And

3:25

you can imagine how... Bad conditions

3:27

must be for somebody to say

3:29

I'm willing to risk everything in

3:31

order to get better working conditions

3:33

get better wages get a better

3:35

life And the conditions are not

3:37

great. They are living in houses,

3:39

but eventually they get kicked out

3:41

and they're living in tents and

3:43

and These are not ideal conditions

3:45

at all for anyone is completely

3:47

unsafe and completely unsafe Yeah, I

3:49

mean this had been a situation

3:51

that had been building and building

3:53

and building over the course of

3:55

30 years. These are 30 years

3:57

in which you're getting labor organizations,

3:59

you're getting socialist organizations and anarchists

4:01

and things are starting to get...

4:03

really tense. And in order to

4:05

try to prevent a strike from

4:07

happening, the company is assigning immigrants

4:09

from different countries to the same

4:11

area of work so that they

4:13

can't communicate with one another and

4:15

start organizing and they organize anyway.

4:17

And so in September of 1913,

4:19

the strike begins with 10,000 miners

4:21

walking off of work. And when

4:23

they walk off, they lose their

4:25

homes. They lose their homes. But

4:27

their union had already arranged for

4:29

these tents to be set up

4:31

nearby. And the largest tent village

4:33

was set up in Ludlow, which

4:35

as you mentioned in the intro

4:37

Jody housed 1,200 people. And of

4:39

course it's not just 1,200 workers.

4:41

It's minors and their families, their

4:43

wives and their children, because your

4:45

family just lost their home too.

4:47

Yeah, there's a few unions involved

4:49

here, but I think the IWW,

4:51

the Wobleys, are a big part

4:53

of this. They were working in

4:55

the West during this time, organizing

4:57

a lot of immigrants around these

4:59

exact kinds of actions. So just

5:01

to sort of set, bring us

5:03

right to the edge of when

5:05

the fighting breaks up, but we

5:07

have this tent encampment, as is

5:09

often the case, the mining company

5:11

then hires a private They're always

5:13

called detective agencies, but they're basically

5:15

goonsquats. And I think people know

5:17

the Pinkerton's is probably the most

5:19

famous name, but they hire the

5:21

Baldwin Felt's detective agency to do

5:23

a couple things. One is to

5:25

harass the existing workers and they

5:27

kind of just patrol the tent

5:30

encampment and they have a newfangled

5:32

machine gun called the death special

5:34

that they mounted on an armored

5:36

car just kind of driving around

5:38

and intimidating the workers. They're also

5:40

occasionally just firing random shots into

5:42

the tents. to scare people, kill

5:44

people. So they're there to kind

5:46

of intimidate the striking workers and

5:48

they're also there to protect the

5:50

replacement workers, the scabs who the

5:52

company brings in. One interesting detail,

5:54

this is a sort of well-known

5:56

tactic, but you know a lot

5:58

of these replacement workers don't even

6:00

know that a strike is going

6:02

on. They're not told that. They

6:04

don't even realize until they show

6:06

up for work, oh I'm here

6:08

because someone is, so you know.

6:10

I think crossing a picket line

6:12

is a problematic thing, but a

6:14

lot of these people... And you

6:16

don't know you're crossing it. You

6:18

don't know. Yeah, and you're just

6:20

looking for work. You're there by

6:22

the grace of God. I mean,

6:24

they could easily have been the

6:26

people in the tents, the people

6:28

who are the replacement workers in

6:30

this case. So, you know, that

6:32

kind of brings us to this

6:34

moment where we now have these

6:36

private detectives on the ground. Nicki

6:38

mentioned... John D. Rockefeller Jr. Like

6:40

he's a big part of this

6:42

and that's a name people know,

6:44

but what do we need to

6:46

know about him Kelly? I mean

6:48

John D. Rockefeller Jr. This is

6:50

the fifth and really only son

6:52

of John D. Rockefeller Sr. And

6:54

he owns about 40% of CF&I

6:56

and so he has a huge

6:58

portion of this company, but he's

7:00

an absentee landlord, if you will.

7:02

He's never in Colorado. He's not

7:04

sort of like on the ground

7:06

overseeing any of this. He doesn't

7:08

really have a deep appreciation for

7:10

what kind of conditions the workers

7:12

are up against. And he's not

7:14

really interested. He's got other things

7:16

going on. He very much wants

7:18

to be a part of his

7:20

philanthropic organizations. He's giving away. millions

7:22

and millions of dollars, which is

7:24

kind of the irony of this

7:26

is that like you could beat

7:28

this philanthropist giving away millions of

7:30

dollars and yet on the other

7:32

side you have these you know

7:34

workers who are being exploited and

7:37

there's no sense of like care

7:39

or philanthropy for the work that

7:41

they're trying to do. That's a

7:43

tale as old as time. Yeah

7:45

it is. It really is. It's

7:47

a kind of washing of the

7:49

money with good works. Right, well

7:51

it's fine that I'm treating these

7:53

workers very badly out in Colorado

7:55

because look at this beautiful library

7:57

that I just built in New

7:59

York. Yeah. Yeah. Yes, though, you

8:01

know, not to psychologize Rockefeller too

8:03

much, but it does feel like

8:05

he's the kid of a really

8:07

rich guy who made his money

8:09

in oil and he's obviously like,

8:11

you know, inherited some of the

8:13

businesses and has some obligation as

8:15

opposed to run those, but he

8:17

really does seem to be much

8:19

more interested in... his wealth, high

8:21

society, and genuine philanthropy. And so

8:23

it's kind of, you get the

8:25

sense that the like, oh man,

8:27

that drama out in Colorado, gosh,

8:29

I really wish I didn't have

8:31

to deal with that. And the

8:33

absentee landlord thing is good, but

8:35

he also then does have to

8:37

occasionally sort of step in. And

8:39

it's not like he tries to

8:41

correct the situation. He's obviously clearly

8:43

on the side of the company.

8:45

Oh, absolutely. Absolutely. This is like

8:47

privilege on steroids. I mean, his

8:49

bottom line is we have to

8:51

protect. the company at all costs

8:53

like protect the shareholders at all

8:55

costs protect the properties at all

8:57

costs and he's even asked about

8:59

this like even if that means

9:01

you know killing your employees and

9:03

he's like like I said I

9:05

stand by the principal that's in

9:07

front of Congress right he's calling

9:09

for Congress and he tells Congress

9:11

we have to protect American industry

9:13

right yeah at all costs so

9:15

one of the figure here worth

9:17

discussing and that brings us to

9:19

the kind of moment that violence

9:21

really breaks out but you know

9:23

we obviously have organized labor. as

9:25

part of the story and we

9:27

have a character by the name

9:29

of Lewis Tikas who is kind

9:31

of the main organizer. So who

9:33

is, if we have John D.

9:35

Rockefeller, absent, landlord on one side,

9:37

and we have on-the-ground labor organizer

9:39

Lewis Tikas on the other. What

9:42

do we need to know about

9:44

that? I mean he's the real

9:46

hero in this story. He is

9:48

born in 1886 in Ottoman Creek

9:50

and comes over to the United

9:52

States when he's about 20 years

9:54

old. He shuts up a cafe,

9:56

literally right next to the mining

9:58

company. And so you can imagine

10:00

there are workers that are coming

10:02

in and out, perhaps using his

10:04

cafe. he becomes really interested in

10:06

their cause and sort of like

10:08

hey what are the conditions like

10:10

what's going on and next thing

10:12

you know it he's become like

10:14

this big-time organizer for the United

10:16

Mine Workers of America and it's

10:18

during this time that you know

10:20

he starts to step up and

10:22

organize and it's really heralded for

10:24

a lot of the not just

10:26

the strike itself, but like the

10:28

activism to make sure that workers

10:30

are taking care of while they're

10:32

striking. He's inspired by, as you

10:34

mentioned earlier, Jody the Wobleys, industrial

10:36

workers of the world, which had

10:38

this radical read of how the

10:40

economy should work, but also we're

10:42

like, and we should allow black

10:44

workers in, and Chinese workers in,

10:46

and everybody gets a union, which

10:48

I think is part of the

10:50

ethos that he brings in. Let

10:52

me take a moment to tell

10:54

you about Key Change, a new

10:56

project from one of the legendary

10:58

Radiotopia shows Song Explorer. So as

11:00

you know, in Song Explorer, musicians

11:02

tell a story of how they

11:04

created one of their songs. Well,

11:06

this new series is not about

11:08

the songs that people made, it's

11:10

about songs that made people who

11:12

they are. It is still hosted

11:14

by Rishakesh Hirweh and he talks

11:16

in each episode to a guest

11:19

about a piece of music that

11:21

was transformative for them. The guests

11:23

are incredible. I just finished listening

11:25

to the episode with Hanif Abdurakib,

11:27

talking about the clash, Hanif Rishi,

11:29

the clash, basically my perfect podcast

11:31

conversation. Comedian James A Caster talks

11:33

about outcast, the actress Sophie Thatcher,

11:36

talks about Elliot Smith. And

11:38

if I'll just add, if you listen

11:40

to Song Explorer, one of the beauties

11:42

of it is that Rishi really lets

11:44

the artists kind of speak in their

11:47

own words. But I happen to be

11:49

lucky to call Rishi a good friend

11:51

of mine. I know that he's a

11:53

lovely person to chat with, and I

11:55

really love that in this new series

11:57

we really get to know him, as

11:59

well as the fantastic people that he

12:01

is talking to. Also, another little aside,

12:03

no one names things better. Ritchie. Song

12:05

Explorer is great. Home Cooking is great.

12:07

And this new one works in a

12:09

couple ways too. Key change. Nicely done.

12:11

So if you already subscribe to Song

12:13

Explorer, you're going to get it. If

12:15

not, what are you waiting for? You

12:17

now have both Song Explorer and Key

12:19

Change to go dive into. Key Change

12:21

comes out once a month in the

12:23

Song Explorer feed or at Song explorer.net/Key

12:25

Change. The

12:32

other thing the Wobleys were good at

12:34

was the cultural work around this and

12:37

so they were the ones who really

12:39

embraced sort of songs and pamphlets and

12:41

Zines and that plays a big part

12:44

in this we'll see this story both

12:46

before and after the massacre Captures the

12:48

public imagination and words starts to go

12:51

around and there are songs written about

12:53

it But even in the run-up to

12:55

this you have the kind of I

12:58

think labor community around the country recognizing

13:00

that something is brewing in Ludlow. So,

13:02

you know, the massacre itself is in

13:05

the spring, but even in the fall,

13:07

you have Mother Jones, who's one of

13:09

the most... prominent labor organizers who I

13:12

think a couple years later was called

13:14

the most dangerous woman in America by

13:16

the president but at this moment she's

13:18

kind of chiming in and cheering them

13:21

on she actually says to the striking

13:23

minors if you were too cowardly to

13:25

fight there are enough women in this

13:28

country to fight there are enough women

13:30

in this country to come in and

13:32

beat the hell out of you I

13:35

like that well I'm beating the hell

13:37

out of one another was actually what

13:39

was already happening on the ground like

13:42

this often happened in strikes in strikes

13:44

in this period but there were fights

13:46

that would break out between Workers and

13:49

the striking workers and the scabs, the

13:51

company would often, as you were saying,

13:53

deploy these private armies to attack the

13:56

workers. And so things had already gotten

13:58

chaotic and violent. And so in late

14:00

October, the governor of Colorado sends in

14:03

the National Guard. And once the National

14:05

Guard gets there, I think you have

14:07

all of the ingredients for this to

14:09

turn into what it becomes. Right, though

14:12

it's interestingly, you know, tensions are ratcheting

14:14

up, ratcheting up, ratcheting up into the

14:16

spring. By the time we get to

14:19

this date, April of 1917, it's actually

14:21

the retreat of the National Guard, because

14:23

basically the state had run out of

14:26

money to date for them, that really

14:28

seems like it creates the biggest chaos.

14:30

So there's just a small group of

14:33

national guardsmen left. There's one company of

14:35

guardsmen in Southern Colorado, and you know,

14:37

they're kind of like... the most hard

14:40

scrabble, the most beleaguered. So now you

14:42

have this private army and this small

14:44

group of National Guardsmen and the tensions

14:47

are going up and up and up

14:49

and it just leads to a moment

14:51

where it's just gonna all explode. And

14:54

that is on the morning of April

14:56

20th, the day after some many in

14:58

the tent colony had celebrated Orthodox Easter.

15:00

three guardsmen show up in the camp

15:03

and they try to track down a

15:05

guy who they claim is being held

15:07

hostage by the people in the in

15:10

the encampment and it's unclear exactly what

15:12

happens but as they are there going

15:14

tent by tent some of the other

15:17

guardsmen are up on a ridge nearby

15:19

setting up basically a failings of machine

15:21

guns so clearly they're getting ready for

15:24

something and again unclear exactly how it

15:26

what precipitates but basically Shooting begins, the

15:28

militia opened fire, hundreds of minors and

15:31

their families go scrambling for cover into

15:33

their tents, fires break out, the fighting

15:35

goes throughout the day. Lewis took us,

15:38

who we've talked about, is captured and

15:40

killed by the National Guard pretty quickly.

15:42

By 7 p.m. basically everything is in

15:45

flames and the militia has descended on

15:47

the encampment, is looting it. One particular

15:49

incident during the battle. you know I

15:52

mentioned that the fires were often the

15:54

thing that killed people. There were four

15:56

women and 11 children who hid in

15:58

a pit beneath a tent and then

16:01

that tent was set on fire and

16:03

two of the women and all of

16:05

the children suffocated and perished in that

16:08

moment. Three members of the National Guard

16:10

and one militia men were reported killed

16:12

and as we've said about 25 people.

16:15

people were killed total during the Ludlow

16:17

Massacre. You know, as I'm hearing you

16:19

say all of these things, I just

16:22

don't feel like Americans have a deep

16:24

appreciation for what workers went through to

16:26

secure basic decency, dignity, wages. Like we...

16:29

Take so much of this for granted,

16:31

but if in the United States today

16:33

if you know if there were machine

16:36

guns and you were shooting at people

16:38

and setting tents on fire at civilians

16:40

that people were trying to get a

16:43

better living wage like people would be

16:45

appalled and yet You know even me

16:47

curing this story again like it just

16:49

me makes no sense. It just makes

16:52

no sense as to how you could

16:54

Treat people in in this way that

16:56

are trying to just live a better

16:59

life. It's just so devastating Yeah, it's

17:01

that pitched battle between capital and labor

17:03

in which for most of US history

17:06

capital has had all the power. And

17:08

there's this moment where thanks to people

17:10

who were willing to give their lives

17:13

in order to get better working conditions,

17:15

you end up having these unions grow

17:17

and become more powerful and become political

17:20

players, which that secures, you know, middle

17:22

class life for, you know, mostly white

17:24

working class workers, but that... builds the

17:27

20th century American state and is largely

17:29

gone at this point, which I think

17:31

is why it's important to talk about

17:34

it and important to talk about what

17:36

happens next. This is an end at

17:38

Ludlow. But before we get to that,

17:40

I just want to linger a little

17:43

bit on the sort of deep tragedy

17:45

of this and Kelly to your point

17:47

about how we don't seem to have

17:50

our head around it. And I think

17:52

a lot of that is related to

17:54

the fact, I thought about this a

17:57

lot, that You know, we started by

17:59

talking about the company town. We started

18:01

talking about how the lives of these

18:04

workers and the defining relationship in those

18:06

lives is often the relationship with their

18:08

employer. And so then when you have

18:11

something like this breakout, it tears at

18:13

the very fabric of their lives. That's

18:15

why you see women and children, we've

18:18

talked about other massacres and events where

18:20

like church. have been burned down because

18:22

that's where the labor organ, so it's

18:25

like, it's the dark side of the,

18:27

I mean the company town is, you

18:29

know, a problem, but it's the sort

18:31

of flip side of that is that

18:34

everything gets wrapped into these labor battles.

18:36

It's not like, not that this would

18:38

excuse it, but it's not like there's

18:41

a strike happening outside the factory and

18:43

then stuff goes down there, it's just

18:45

the men on strike who are affected,

18:48

you know, this is moving into people's

18:50

personal space and personal. captures people's hearts

18:52

and really kind of made this a

18:55

notable moment. I made a lot of

18:57

these moments notable and including, you know,

18:59

No surprise, Woody Guthrie has a song

19:02

about this. That song is incredibly affecting

19:04

because he talks about the real people

19:06

captured on the ground. It's not just

19:09

up with the workers and down with

19:11

the companies, but you know, he paints

19:13

a picture of what it must be

19:16

like when you're just a wife, a

19:18

family member, a child and this chaos

19:20

descends upon you. And I think those

19:23

are the kinds of things that really,

19:25

you know, you know, you know, you

19:27

know. broke through in the aftermath of

19:29

this. Yeah, I mean, you get in

19:32

the immediate aftermath, workers across Colorado, other

19:34

strikers, who are going through, they're attacking

19:36

mine after mine, they're driving off the

19:39

National Guard, they're killing guards, they're setting

19:41

buildings on fire, and it is a

19:43

revolutionary moment, right? That tragedy that you're

19:46

talking about, Jody, really does make the

19:48

stakes clear. in a way in which

19:50

people are willing to fight even harder.

19:53

So much so that miners end up

19:55

taking control of like a bit of

19:57

mining land that's like 50 miles long

20:00

and five miles wide. Like they are

20:02

claiming territory in this war against the

20:04

mining companies. Yeah. It only gets squashed

20:07

when Wilson sends troops back in. Federal

20:09

troops come in and basically the mine

20:11

workers at this point are sort of

20:14

running out of money and they call

20:16

end up calling off the strike not

20:18

for you know many months later but

20:20

it's in December of 1914. You know

20:23

in the end the strikers demands were

20:25

not met. did not obtain recognition a

20:27

lot of workers were replaced but the

20:30

kind of public story I think did

20:32

shift largely in this moment including Kelly

20:34

for you know John D. Rockefeller Jr.

20:37

who it's kind of remarkable but there

20:39

are there are protests outside of the

20:41

Rockefeller Foundation in New York City really

20:44

in the aftermath of Ludlow and I

20:46

think to what you pointed out earlier,

20:48

people start to ask these really serious

20:51

questions about, wait a minute, how do

20:53

you call yourself a philanthropist and on

20:55

one hand and we just saw what

20:58

happened at the Mine You Control on

21:00

the other. We should say, I mean,

21:02

the Rockefeller's do end up going to

21:05

Colorado and visiting the families, but you

21:07

know, it's a little too little too

21:09

late. There's a great quote by Upton

21:11

Sinclair who writes this letter to Rockefeller

21:14

April 28th of 1914 and he says,

21:16

I intend to indict you for the

21:18

murder before the people of this country.

21:21

The charges will be pressed and I

21:23

think the verdict will be guilty. And

21:25

it's damning. I mean, there's blood on

21:28

your hands. There's blood on your hands.

21:30

And there's also a great statement that

21:32

comes out from one of the union

21:35

leaders, John Lawson, that... points to the

21:37

hypocrisy of all of this Rockefeller philanthropy

21:39

versus what happens in Ludlow. He talks

21:42

about Rockefeller offering, as he says, health

21:44

for China, a refuge for birds, food

21:46

for the Belgians, pensions for New York

21:49

widows, university training for the elect, and

21:51

never a thought of a dollar for

21:53

the thousands of men, women, and children

21:56

who starved in Colorado. Yeah. We've talked

21:58

about this era of reform a lot.

22:00

If there weren't sort of specific winds

22:02

on the ground in the aftermath of

22:05

Ludlow, public sentiment shifts, and you do

22:07

start to get some more reforms, you

22:09

know, there's laws that go into place

22:12

that say that you have to have

22:14

paved roads and recreational facilities and worker

22:16

representation on committees dealing with safety, health,

22:19

and recreation. And, you know, this does

22:21

come at the very beginning of a

22:23

big era of labor and social reform

22:26

in this country, for sure. A couple

22:28

other little tidbits, George McGovern of all

22:30

people, many years later wrote his doctoral

22:33

dissertation on the Ludlow Massacre. We said

22:35

there's a Woody Guthrie song and a

22:37

bunch of people have covered that throughout

22:40

the years. Howard Zinn, Howard Zinn writes,

22:42

yeah, his master's thesis on it, yeah.

22:44

And then there is a plaque or

22:47

there's some... There's a designation. There's a

22:49

designation. Yeah. It's a national historic landmark

22:51

now. Where the tent colony once stood

22:53

in Lovell. So if any listeners from

22:56

Colorado have gone there and seen it

22:58

or know of any of the on-the-ground

23:00

history or lack thereof, please let us

23:03

know. All right, well that brings us

23:05

to the end of this episode. Nicole

23:07

Hammer, thanks to you as always. Thank

23:10

you, Judy. And Kelly Carter Jackson, thanks

23:12

to you. My pleasure. Kick up gravel

23:14

under my feet. We was so afraid

23:17

you'd kill our children. Dug as a

23:19

cave that's seven foot deep, carried our

23:21

young ones, and a pregnant woman down

23:24

inside the cave to sleep. That very

23:26

night, you soldiers waited. Till all us

23:28

miners was asleep, You snuck around our

23:31

little tent-town, Soaked our tents with your

23:33

kerosene, You struck a match and the

23:35

blaze it started, You pulled the triggers

23:38

of your gaddling guns, I made a

23:40

run for the children, But a farwall

23:42

stopped me, thirteen children died from your

23:45

gun. Radiotopia.

24:18

PRX.