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It's Lindsay Smith -Rodgers from the
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1:31
From the first whisper
1:33
that Robert F. Kennedy,
1:35
Jr. could become America's top
1:37
health official, questions started
1:39
flying. Do we know how
1:42
RFK, Jr. is expected
1:44
to reform health and
1:46
human services? What would
1:48
Kennedy actually do as
1:50
Secretary of HHS? His nomination
1:52
has drawn criticism from a host
1:54
of public health leaders. He's a
1:56
vocal critic of vaccines. There
1:58
were some questions about - on vaccines like
2:01
the polio. And agencies that
2:03
regulate our drugs and food
2:06
supply. Including about what millions
2:08
of Americans eat and drink
2:11
each day. Months went by
2:13
with more speculation than clear
2:15
answers. Now, eight weeks into
2:18
Kennedy's tenure at HHS were
2:20
getting answers and they're coming
2:23
fast. Today. We take stock
2:25
of Kennedy's first decisions at
2:28
HHS and explore how they
2:30
are transforming health in America.
2:33
From the studio, Lelander Davis
2:35
Institute at the University of
2:37
Pennsylvania, I'm Dan Gorenstein. This
2:40
is train-off. He's made big
2:42
changes. We will start with
2:45
jobs and spending. Kennedy has
2:47
cut both across HHS. Producer
2:50
Melanie Evans has been working
2:52
to keep tabs on the
2:55
scope of what's happening. Hi,
2:57
Melanie. How's it going? Dan,
3:00
I am trying to keep
3:02
up, but the cuts Kennedy
3:04
has made have been sprawling.
3:07
Here's what I can safely
3:09
say. Kennedy has embraced the
3:12
Trump White House ethos of
3:14
sweeping, blunt, abrupt. changes. You
3:17
spoke last week to Julie
3:19
Rauvener from KFF Health News
3:22
about Kennedy's restructuring of HHS.
3:24
I think she used the
3:27
word sledgehammer. She did more
3:29
than once and Melanie as
3:31
you know last week HHS
3:34
laid off some 10,000 people
3:36
closed regional offices and eliminated
3:39
entire departments. Kennedy said he
3:41
is streamlining the agency saving
3:44
1.8 billion dollars a year
3:46
without sacrificing essential services like
3:49
Medicare and Medicaid, but we
3:51
know Kennedy is doing more
3:54
than handing out pink slips.
3:56
That's right. HHS has also
3:58
canceled more than 11 billion
4:01
dollars in funding to states.
4:03
This is money they were using
4:06
to fight disease outbreaks, prepare
4:08
for emergencies, and treat mental
4:10
illness and substance abuse. This
4:12
is money Congress set aside
4:15
during the pandemic to help with
4:17
the response. State and local
4:19
governments still had time to spend
4:21
that money. HHS instead abruptly
4:24
rescinded the funding saying
4:26
the pandemic is over. It was
4:28
out of the blue. and it left
4:30
public health agencies with no time to
4:32
plan for the fallout, like at the
4:35
Dallas County Health and Human Services
4:37
Department. No preparation, no advance
4:39
warning. This particular grant that
4:42
we received directly was rescinded
4:44
effective the day before, so
4:47
it's like a done deal.
4:49
That's Dr. Phil Huang, who
4:51
runs the department. He founded
4:53
his grant had disappeared on
4:55
a Tuesday morning around 6 AM by
4:57
email. Phil quickly
4:59
started trying to figure out what was
5:02
going on. And I was a little
5:04
uncertain about, and I think I forwarded it
5:06
to some other people I said, you know,
5:08
what is this? He texted people, he
5:10
knows, in Texas government, he emailed health
5:12
directors and other states, and he soon
5:14
realized that one grant was not the
5:16
end of it. And it started to trickle
5:19
in that this is happening, you know, it
5:21
is what's happening across the country. Ultimately,
5:23
Dallas County lost federal
5:26
funding from three canceled
5:28
grants. The agency immediately
5:31
laid off staff, 21 people. Dan,
5:33
they mostly worked in disease
5:36
control. This includes
5:38
epidemiologists and immunization
5:40
staff. Wait. Texas is at
5:42
the center of a growing
5:44
measles outbreak. Two children who
5:46
died. The latest number of
5:49
infections is now 505. At
5:51
least 57 have been hospitalized.
5:53
Nearly all are unvaccinated. Yes,
5:55
and Phil has been making a
5:57
push to boost vaccinations and kit.
5:59
I contacted all of the superintendents
6:02
for all the public school
6:04
districts in Dallas County and
6:06
then also all the superintendents
6:08
for the private school districts
6:10
that had low vaccination rates
6:12
as well as all the
6:14
daycare centers. He signed a letter
6:16
about vaccinations to schools to hand
6:18
out to parents and he offered
6:20
to bring pop-up vaccine clinics to
6:22
schools. Well how is Phil gonna do
6:25
that now? He can't. We're having
6:27
to tell them we don't have now the
6:29
staff to be able to do what we
6:31
were talking about doing. Dan, what's
6:33
happening in Dallas County is
6:35
happening across the country. The
6:37
HHS grants that were canceled.
6:40
flow to local health departments,
6:42
sometimes directly, sometimes through states.
6:44
States also relied on funding.
6:46
The money went to salaries
6:49
for epidemiologists, lab technicians, technology
6:51
staff. It paid for new
6:53
equipment to upgrade diagnostic laboratories,
6:55
and it went to subcontractors
6:58
to help states prepare for emergencies.
7:00
So is Phil described, Melanie,
7:02
with the money gone, I'm assuming that means
7:04
so are the jobs in the services?
7:06
People are trying to figure out how
7:09
to keep some programs going, but the financial
7:11
hit is just too big to avoid
7:13
losing some staff and services. An organization
7:16
that represents 35 of the biggest cities
7:19
in the country said their members lost
7:21
more than a half a billion dollars.
7:23
Utah has cut 37 jobs. Maine
7:26
let 40 people go. North Carolina
7:28
said it lost funding for more
7:30
than 80 jobs, including epidemiologists to
7:32
help with disease control. It's been
7:35
intense because on the other end
7:37
of these are my neighbors and
7:39
members of our community. Like government
7:42
workers are people in our community
7:44
who also deeply care about our
7:46
communities and serve them. That's Ryan
7:48
Jury. He's North Carolina's acting
7:51
senior deputy for the Division
7:53
of Public Health. North Carolina
7:55
lost an estimated $230 million
7:57
when HHS canceled the grant.
8:00
on March 25th. Ryan's
8:02
been kind of shell -shocked. It's just
8:04
been a really intense couple of days, weeks, and
8:06
lots of long hours. And I've lost track
8:08
of what the days are in the week, to
8:10
be honest. So Ryan in
8:12
North Carolina and Phil in Dallas
8:14
are reeling from what seems like a
8:16
lack of forethought in the cuts. Overnight,
8:20
they are racing to plug gaps.
8:22
Gaps like North Carolina's ability
8:24
to investigate disease outbreaks, Dan. In
8:28
the wake of all of this, people are
8:30
just kind of baffled and really worried. Chrissy
8:33
Giuliano at the Big Cities Health Coalition
8:35
summed it up best for me. I
8:37
do not think
8:39
anyone expected the dismantling of
8:42
the federal public health infrastructure
8:44
to be so dramatic and
8:46
so quick and so haphazard.
8:48
And I think that is,
8:50
it's going to cost lives.
8:52
It's going to cost real
8:54
money. It's important to say,
8:57
Dan, that Chrissy and others told me
8:59
that agencies should always look for
9:01
ways to improve efficiency. They don't object
9:03
to a reorganization, but what
9:05
they're seeing is more chaotic. This
9:08
is not just a routine reorganization
9:10
to be more efficient. Like,
9:12
this is the least efficient thing
9:14
that is happening in Washington. The
9:17
day I spoke with Chrissy, a
9:19
judge temporarily froze action by HHS
9:21
after 23 states sued to keep
9:23
the funding. Melanie,
9:29
we've been talking about roughly
9:31
$11 billion at HHS
9:33
canceled to states at the
9:35
end of March. It
9:38
strikes me that these aren't
9:40
the only HHS grants
9:42
to be abruptly cut off,
9:44
right? That's right, Dan. Budgets
9:46
across HHS under Kennedy are
9:48
also part of the Trump
9:50
White House's broader agenda to
9:52
terminate federal spending for diversity,
9:54
equity, and inclusion efforts, and
9:56
more broadly, to shrink the
9:58
budget. So that's led to
10:00
canceled grants and contracts under the National Institutes
10:02
of Health. Yeah, a few
10:05
weeks ago we did a show
10:07
where two researchers at Johns Hopkins
10:09
were talking about the uncertainty and fear
10:11
they have about their work being
10:13
shut down. When we
10:15
come back, we look at
10:17
where Kennedy has made moves in
10:19
two closely watched areas of
10:21
health policy. Food and Vaccines.
10:37
I remember talking to my sister
10:39
on the phone before I opened
10:42
the email that had those results and
10:44
I was just crying. Uncertainty is
10:46
everywhere in medicine. Like, what if I'm
10:48
not allergic to my implant? Like,
10:50
what is happening to me? But we
10:52
don't always know what to do
10:54
with it. I will never forget one
10:57
orthopedist who, when I didn't improve
10:59
on the basis of his diagnosis and
11:01
treatment, said to me, you know,
11:03
patients like you are really unsatisfying for
11:05
doctors. Join award -winning medical storytelling podcast
11:07
The Nocturnists as we dig into
11:09
the grey zone. Stories of ambiguity,
11:12
uncertainty and medical mystery from
11:14
clinicians and patients. When we talk
11:16
about in medicine, we use
11:18
a shared decision -making model. We're
11:20
sharing all the information and come
11:22
to a decision together. It's
11:24
not really how it works. When
11:27
people come in with kind of vague
11:29
symptomatology and gaps in the history, I
11:31
would just go straight, Joe, and say, now tell me
11:33
what's really wrong with you. And
11:36
out it would come. First episode
11:38
drops this spring. See
11:41
you there. I'm Josie Santy, health
11:43
coach, wellness editor and host of
11:45
the Every Girl podcast where we
11:47
cut through the noise with realistic,
11:49
expert -backed advice to help you thrive
11:51
in every category of life while
11:53
still loving the person that you
11:55
already are. And part of
11:57
loving yourself is being really authentic to
11:59
you. you, including the clothes you wear.
12:02
In partnership with Nordstrom,
12:04
we're helping you update
12:06
your spring wardrobe so
12:08
your style is fit
12:10
for your best self.
12:12
Nordstrom brings you the
12:14
season's most wanted brands,
12:16
like skims, mango, free
12:18
people, and Princess Polly,
12:20
all under $100, from
12:22
trending sneakers to beauty
12:24
must haves. We've curated
12:26
the styles that you'll
12:28
wear on repeat this
12:30
spring. Free shipping, free
12:32
returns, and in-store
12:35
pickup make it
12:37
easier than ever. Shop
12:39
now in stores and
12:41
at Nordstrom.com. Kennedy is
12:43
moving quickly to remake
12:45
HHS. He's laid off
12:47
and pushed out experts
12:49
across agencies, closed departments,
12:51
and cut spending. But
12:53
he has also made
12:55
moves on another front,
12:57
policy. Kennedy has taken some
13:00
early steps on food and vaccine
13:02
policy. These are two areas where
13:04
Kennedy's personal views raise questions about
13:07
his priorities. Melanie is back to
13:09
walk us through it through at
13:12
all. Hey, Melanie. Hey, Dan. So
13:14
let's start with food. Perhaps the
13:16
one area where RFK Jr. has
13:19
pretty wide support, right? Yes, he's
13:21
gone after processed foods and
13:24
food additives as contributors to
13:26
poor health. Now this is
13:28
core to make America healthy
13:30
again, that movement, taking on
13:32
food production and nutrition to
13:35
go after chronic disease. Yes,
13:37
and he has moved very quickly
13:39
on this front. Kennedy last
13:41
month directed the FDA to
13:43
explore ways to close a
13:45
regulatory loophole for substances in food.
13:48
Emily Broadlieb at Harvard
13:50
University explained to me, companies
13:52
can include a substance now if the
13:54
companies say it's safe. There are a
13:56
lot of things being used in food that it's
13:58
very hard to know it. they are for both
14:00
because the company hasn't ever told FDA and
14:02
because some of them, depending on what they are,
14:05
may or may not really have to be
14:07
mentioned on the label even. Emily told
14:09
me she's hopeful Kennedy will tighten
14:11
this loophole. The next step could
14:13
be a proposed rule, Dan. Okay.
14:16
So he's pushing ahead on food
14:18
policy. This is the one area
14:20
where Kennedy's views are welcomed by
14:22
pretty much everyone apart from big
14:25
food, right, the industry. Now, Melanie,
14:27
vaccines. Kennedy's
14:31
long history of vaccine skepticism prompted
14:33
a lot of people to
14:35
wonder what policies he may go
14:38
after. What has he done
14:40
there? What's that accounting? Dan,
14:43
Reuters and other news
14:45
outlets reported HHS under Kennedy
14:47
is planning a large
14:50
study of vaccines and autism.
14:53
Let me pause you for
14:55
a second here, Melanie.
14:57
It's important to say that
14:59
many prior studies have
15:01
debunked the idea that vaccines
15:03
cause autism, though Kennedy
15:05
has repeatedly linked them. Correct.
15:07
Kennedy's new study is being
15:10
criticized as irresponsible by scientists
15:12
and autism groups for that
15:14
very reason. The country's
15:16
deadly measles outbreak is getting worse.
15:18
So is his response to
15:20
the measles outbreak underway in Texas.
15:22
House Secretary Robert F. Kennedy Jr.
15:24
is expected to travel to Texas
15:26
today where there have been nearly
15:28
500 cases since January. 57 of
15:30
those patients have been hospitalized and we
15:33
know now there have been two
15:35
fatalities. Dr. Tom Frieden ran the
15:37
CDC for eight years, including
15:39
during a measles outbreak. When
15:41
there's a measles outbreak, there's a
15:43
tried and true way of
15:45
stopping it. You increase vaccination
15:47
rates, you engage with communities, you
15:49
listen to what the concerns
15:51
are, you promote vaccination among those
15:53
at risk. Tom and others
15:55
have come down hard on Kennedy
15:57
for his public response to what's happening
16:00
in. Texas, like a comment he
16:02
made at a cabinet meeting
16:04
in February. It's not unusual.
16:06
We have measles outbreaks every
16:08
year. As cases have climbed,
16:10
Dan, public health and infectious
16:12
disease experts have wanted to
16:14
hear from Kennedy what they
16:16
want to hear from any
16:18
HHS secretary. An urgent call
16:20
to slow the outbreak through
16:23
vaccination. Instead, he's made comments
16:25
like this, speaking on Fox
16:27
News with Sean Hannity. We
16:29
should have transparency, we should
16:31
have informed choice. There are
16:33
adverse events from the vaccine,
16:35
it does cause the deaths
16:37
every year, it causes all
16:39
the illnesses that measles itself,
16:41
cause encephalitis, and blindness, etc.
16:43
And so people ought to
16:45
be able to make that
16:48
choice for themselves. And what
16:50
we need to do is
16:52
give them the best information
16:54
and encourage them to vaccinate.
16:56
The vaccine does stop the
16:58
spread of the disease. I
17:00
want everyone to just hear.
17:02
I mean, Melanie, he acknowledges
17:04
that the vaccine helps, but
17:06
that's anything but urgent. More
17:08
than that, his comments are
17:10
misleading. The vaccine is safe.
17:12
Kennedy left out some essential
17:15
context. There are no deaths
17:17
from the vaccine in healthy
17:19
people. Rare cases of death
17:21
from side effects have occurred
17:23
in immun uncompromised children. Dan,
17:25
the vaccine is not recommended
17:27
for these children. Now a
17:29
second child has died in
17:31
the outbreak and this weekend
17:33
Kennedy did say the vaccine
17:35
is the most effective way
17:37
to stop infections from spreading.
17:40
Yes, and Tom Frieden, an
17:42
infectious disease specialist, said they
17:44
welcomed Kennedy's comment. Tom still
17:46
sees a real risk to
17:48
public trust in vaccines from
17:50
Kennedy's earlier actions. We've seen
17:52
very misguided discussion of cod
17:54
liver oil and steroids and
17:56
antibiotics. These are not ways
17:58
to prevent measles. Only effective
18:00
way to protect people from
18:03
measles is with vaccination.
18:05
This really speaks to maybe
18:07
the biggest question many had
18:09
about Kennedy in the role
18:11
of HHS secretary. People wondered
18:14
how he would use his
18:16
role to influence public opinion
18:18
on vaccination. Over the weekend,
18:20
Republican Senator Bill Cassidy
18:23
from Louisiana went on social
18:25
media to say, everyone should
18:27
be vaccinated. Those were his
18:29
exact words. Cassidy also said,
18:32
top health officials should be
18:34
clear on this before another
18:36
child dies. Monie, that seems like
18:38
a comment aimed right at
18:40
Kennedy. Public health advocates
18:42
are closely watching RFK Jr. right
18:44
now, Dan. There's a lot
18:46
of concern over what he's
18:49
doing related to the CDC's
18:51
advisory committee on immunization practices.
18:53
Sure. We talked in January
18:56
about this obscure committee, the
18:58
ACIP. Its members are typically
19:00
clinicians and scientists, and they
19:02
evaluate and recommend who should
19:05
get vaccinated. Right. And a lot of
19:07
people trust and follow those
19:09
recommendations, including doctors and
19:11
states, and typically the
19:13
CDC, not Kennedy. He's
19:15
criticized many committee members
19:17
as being beholden to
19:20
pharmaceutical companies. Yeah, I mean,
19:22
in early March, the CDC
19:24
launched a new website that
19:26
lists the conflicts of interest
19:28
disclosed by current and former
19:30
ACIP members. Yes, Kennedy often
19:32
describes the committee as compromised.
19:35
He has also said he
19:37
wants to root out conflicts.
19:39
Dan, let me be clear. The ACIP
19:41
already requires members to
19:43
declare conflicts and recuse
19:46
themselves from votes. Tom sees
19:48
this as a move to
19:50
delegitimize the credibility of the
19:52
committee. For RFK Jr. to
19:54
say that the ACIP is
19:56
severely conflicted is false and it
19:59
undermines are confidence in
20:01
vaccine recommendations. I spoke
20:03
with some people whose names are listed
20:06
on that website and they agreed with
20:08
Tom. The ACIP for years has
20:10
operated in the public eye with
20:12
a clear policy on conflicts of
20:14
interest. They do all of this to
20:16
build trust in their decisions. So
20:18
where is this headed, Melanie? Well,
20:20
as secretary, he's got the
20:22
power to make fundamental changes to
20:24
the ACIP. He can remove and name
20:27
members to the committee at will.
20:29
He has not taken any steps
20:31
like that. The first public meeting
20:33
of ACIP is later this
20:36
month in April. I know people
20:38
are going to be watching for any
20:40
sign of his approach to vaccines.
20:43
So at the top of the
20:45
show, right, we talked about all
20:47
of these questions, about what maha
20:50
would look like. Melanie, with vaccines
20:52
in particular, as you know, many
20:54
have worried will see a full-scale
20:57
assault. Is that where this is
20:59
headed? It's hard to say Dan,
21:02
what will happen next with vaccine
21:04
policy, but I do believe we
21:06
will know soon. One of the
21:08
things that's been clear as I've
21:10
covered Kennedy these last five months
21:12
is that when it comes to
21:15
his priorities, he doesn't hold back.
21:17
Monie Evans, thanks so much
21:19
for your reporting on
21:21
this. You're welcome Dan. I'm
21:23
Dan Gorenstein. This is Trinity.
21:30
If you enjoyed today's episode of tradeoffs,
21:33
don't keep it to yourself. Tell
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21:50
Offs team is producers Melanie Evans
21:52
and Ryan Levy, editor Deborah Franklin,
21:54
executive director Jessica Silverman, marketing director,
21:57
Catherine, director, Catherine, director, director, Catherine,
21:59
director. Lucer, Leslie Walker. The trade-off
22:01
theme song was composed by Ty
22:04
Siderman with additional music this episode
22:06
from Blue Dot Sessions and Epidemic
22:08
Sound. Additional thanks to Sarah Rosenbaum
22:11
and Paul Hunter. Thanks also to
22:13
all our listeners who helped to
22:15
support our work including Kelly Osmanson,
22:18
William Bog, Alica Garel, Andy Fitz,
22:20
and Janea Jones. Our media partner
22:22
is Side Effects Public Media based
22:25
at W.F.Y.I. Tradeoffs is supported by
22:27
the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, Arnold
22:29
Ventures, the Gordon and
22:31
Betty Moore Foundation, the
22:34
Sozozay Foundation, Just Trust,
22:36
West Health, the California
22:38
Health Care Foundation, the
22:41
Foundation for Opioid Response
22:43
Efforts, and the Leonard
22:45
Davis Institute at the
22:47
University of Pennsylvania. Our
22:50
financial supporters are not
22:52
involved in any decisions
22:54
about our journalism. The
22:57
views expressed in
22:59
this episode are
23:01
those of the
23:03
individuals and not
23:06
those of trade-off
23:09
staff, advisors,
23:12
or funders. health coach wellness editor
23:14
and host of the Every Girl
23:16
podcast where we cut through the
23:18
noise with realistic expert backed advice
23:20
to help you thrive in every
23:23
category of life while still loving
23:25
the person that you already are
23:27
and part of loving yourself is being
23:29
really authentic to you including the
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clothes you wear in partnership
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with Nordstrom we're helping you
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to beauty must-haves, we've curated
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Nordstrom.com. I don't know about you, but
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the number one thing I look forward
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to when I return from traveling is
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a good night's sleep in my own
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bed. That has never been more true
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rested, and relaxed. The fact that my
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bed actually listens to my body and
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